Animal Experimentation

Creature Experimentation Free Online Research Papers Creature experimentation is a major piece of clinical advancement. Rivals of creature testing call attention to the measure of creatures utilized and the various sorts of creatures utilized yet on the off chance that you take a gander at it, it’s just for a valid justification. Creature experimenters don’t do this equitable to do it. It’s for a reason. There are tons of clinical circumstances that couldn’t have been managed without creature testing. Creature languishing is called attention to yet over the most part creatures abandon feeling any agony. Creature experimentation has helped advance us so much restoratively that regardless of what degree of enduring you find or what sort of options you discover, it will never completely vanish. Creature experimentation is definitely not an ongoing occasion. It‘s been around for a large number of years. â€Å"The most punctual references to creature testing are found in the works of the Greeks in the third and fourth hundreds of years BC, with Aristotle (384-322 BC) and Erasistratus (304-258 BC) among the first to perform probes living animals† (Wikipedia, 14 Oct. 2006  ¶4). Erasistratus was an understudy at Aristotle’s school in Athens. It was there that he got the name â€Å"The Father Of Physiology† because of the work he did on the investigations of the circulatory framework and the sensory system on creatures (Paul and Paul, 2001 p 24). Someone else of extraordinary impact with the historical backdrop of creature experimentation is Galen of Pergamum. During his time it was illicit for anybody to analyze a human accordingly he needed to move to creatures for his learning and perceptions. â€Å"He put pigs, sheep, steers, hounds, felines, bea rs, mice, monkeys, and even an elephant every single under howdy blade; in doing as such, he ‘put creature research on the guide, for his counterparts as well as for the following fifteen centuries.’† (Paul and Paul, 2001 p 25). There are various kinds of investigations that were performed after creature testing was first found. After Galen, there were numerous other profoundly shrewd and notable individuals who tailed him in his methods of chipping away at creatures for clinical purposes. One being William Harvey (1578-1657). His â€Å"discovery that blood circles through the body, a revelation that has been called ‘the most prominent physiological development of the seventeenth century, and maybe of all time,’ was put together solely with respect to creature experiments† (Paul and Paul, 2001 p 25). An English minister named Stephen Hales â€Å"used just a female horse to create methods for estimating circulatory strain and the limit of the heart. He did this by embeddings a long glass tube into one of the horse’s supply routes and, with every heartbeat, estimating the ascent and fall of the blood in the tube† (Paul and Paul, 2001 p 25-6). By performing probes creatures during the sixteenth and seventeenth hundreds of years, there were numerous significant health advantages shaped. In 1798 William Jenner worked with two savage ailments, cowpox and horsepox. In doing this he had the option to build up the smallpox immunization which is fantastically essential to human wellbeing today. â€Å"Louis Pasteur directed his concentration toward the infections of people and the higher creatures, and to the elaboration of safeguard immunizations. Along with his splendid understudies Èmilie Roux, Charles Chamberland, and Louis Thuillier, he propelled a progression of tests that came about first in an immunization for chicken cholera ? a financially harming disease† (Paul and Paul, 2001 p 26-7). From that point he was likewise ready to make an inoculation for Bacillus anthracis which was tried on sheep, goats, and dairy animals. Another immunization shaped by Pasteur which was tried on creatures was the rabies inoculatio n, another critical advantage to people. Later on during the time we have had people experience some agonizing, discouraging, and deadly clinical circumstances which have much of the time been assisted with getting less outrageous with the assistance of creature testing. A portion of the more significant clinical zones being helped by utilizing creatures is malignant growth, AIDS, and mental issues. At times creature experimentation is the main consistent approach to discover fixes or inoculations for these illnesses or issues in human wellbeing. When it’s took a gander at that way, it should be concluded which is increasingly significant, human wellbeing or the prosperity of creatures. In spite of the fact that malignancy isn‘t the fundamental purpose behind creature testing, it‘s become one of the most aided by creature testing. â€Å"It is important to perceive how significant creature models have been in acquiring these [cancer treating] results†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 133). About 12% of creature experimentation is finished including malignant growth research (Baumans, 2004 Figure 2). So as to test anticancer specialists liver microsomes are required. In this way if you somehow happened to use in vitro testing, utilizing cells rather than a real body of a creature, you wouldn’t have the option to have that because of the reality of not having a genuine, living creature. â€Å"Major progresses in malignant growth chemotherapy have originated from the utilization of medications in blend and from the utilization of ideal does plans for each anticancer agent†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 136). â€Å"Bec ause of the bigger number of factors included the tumor bearing creature is the main conceivable model to consider entangled medication blends and portion schedules† (in the same place). Tumor bearing creatures are generally useful in positioning portions by how successful they are. You could do this by in vitro yet despite what might be expected if the test turns out to be too troublesome it wouldn’t function just as utilizing a live creature. The entire AIDS probe creatures began with researchers needed to comprehend what precisely caused A IDS. Needing to realize that drove them to utilize a wide range of animal categories including chimpanzees. These creatures were vaccinated with blood from AIDS patients. These investigations weren’t much assistance and sort of appeared to be an exercise in futility because of the reality of getting no usable outcome. The researchers at that point did various trials in the lab to make sense of that a retrovirus, HIV, was the reason for AIDS. They at that point vaccinated various species, including hares and chimpanzees, to perceive what might be the result. â€Å"Of the nonhuman primates just chimpanzees and gibbon gorillas could be tainted with HIV so that the infection could reisolated from the immunized creatures and that antibodies were delivered against HIV proteins† (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 153). The chimps were then watched for 4-6 years and nothing appear ed to not be right along these lines â€Å"it appeared justified to express that chimpanzees are generally impervious to the pathogenic activity of HIV† (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 154). â€Å"Although creature tests have not added to the disclosure of HIV nor to the arrangement of the AIDS issue, there is an incredible requirement for creature models for some copying inquiries in AIDS research† (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 154). A portion of these inquiries being â€Å"What is the reason for the T partner cell consumption in AIDS patients? What is the reason for presenile dementia in HIV-tainted people? Do microbial components have an impact on the advancement of AIDS?† (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 154-5). Creature experimentation has truly helped discovering arrangements with regards to having issues in the cerebrum. A medication was found called Chlorpormazine. It should be utilized for sensitivity issue however became taken a gander at all the more intently when it caused â€Å"unusual narcotic activity on animals† (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 52). Researchers did a couple of preliminaries with this medication and discovered it to effectsly affect the human mind† (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 51). Tests drove researchers to find that the reason for these impacts was dopamine, a key synapse in this circumstance. Creature experimentation has likewise helped us advance in discovering help for Parkinson’s malady. â€Å"When rewarded with enormous dosages of these medications [antipsychotic agents] the creatures become fixed and could be put and stayed in the most ungainly positions† (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 51). About a month later it was fou nd that a fix of DOPA could keep this idleness from happening. Knowing this at that point prompted researchers seeing that the reason for Parkinson’s illness was brought about by absence of dopamine. From that point a treatment was framed, L-DOPA. Creature experimentation additionally assists with understanding the oxygen admission and metabolic movement of various pieces of the mind. There are sure strategies that should be possible to perceive how the mind answers to various improvements. â€Å"To build up these imaging strategies creature tests are vital. For instance, radioactive antecedents or ligands for receptor examines must be given a shot in creatures before they can be utilized on man.† (Garattini and Van Bekkum, 1990 p 52). Most adversaries of creature experimentation call attention to how much that creatures are languishing. Much of the time they are very over exaggerators. â€Å"Many guarantee that creatures are tormented, and another continuous protest is that creature research is about benefits. In any case, it is difficult to perceive how anybody would make a benefit from tormenting creatures, or why clinical exploration good cause, who are attempting to discover mongrels for crippling diseases like malignant growth or AIDS, would go through their cash tormenting animals† (Festing, 2005  ¶ 9). Over portion of the creatures feel almost no torment by any stretch of the imagination. â€Å"According to the 2000 USDA Annual Report, 63% of creatures experienced slight or flitting torment, for example, an infusion. 29% of the examination strategies utilized sedation and postoperative painkillers. In 7% of the techniques, neither sedation nor torment prescription could be utilized, as they would have meddled with research results† (The Foundation of Biomedical Research, 2003  ¶ 3). â€Å"In numerous nations its mandator

Wall Street Crash of October 1929

Money Street Crash of October 1929 During the 1920s, numerous individuals felt they could make a fortune from the financial exchange. Overlooking the instability of the financial exchange, theyâ invested their whole life investment funds. Others purchased stocks on layaway (edge). At the point when the financial exchange took a jump on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, the nation was ill-equipped. The monetary annihilation brought about by the Stock Market Crash of 1929 was a key factor in starting the Great Depression. A Time of Optimism The finish of World War I in 1919 proclaimed another period in the United States. It was a period of excitement, certainty, and good faith, when creations, for example, the plane and the radio made anything appear to be conceivable. Ethics from the nineteenth century were saved. Flappers turned into the model of the new lady, and Prohibition recharged trust in the efficiency of the regular man. It is in such seasons of positive thinking that individuals take their reserve funds free from their sleeping cushions and out of banks and contribute it. During the 1920s, many put resources into the securities exchange. The Stock Market Boom Despite the fact that the financial exchange has the notoriety of being an unsafe venture, it didn't create the impression that route during the 1920s. With the disposition of the nation rich, the securities exchange appeared to be a dependable interest later on. As more individuals put resources into the financial exchange, stock costs started to rise. This was first observable in 1925. Stock costs at that point weaved here and there all through 1925 and 1926, trailed by a solid upward pattern in 1927. The solid positively trending market (when costs are ascending in the financial exchange) lured significantly more individuals to contribute. By 1928, a financial exchange blast had started. The financial exchange blast changed the manner in which speculators saw the securities exchange. Never again was the financial exchange just for long haul venture. Or maybe, in 1928, the securities exchange had become a spot where regular individuals genuinely accepted that they could get rich. Enthusiasm for the securities exchange arrived at a fevered pitch. Stocks had become the discussion of each town. Conversations about stocks could be heard all over the place, from gatherings to hairstyling parlors. As papers revealed accounts of customary individuals, similar to escorts, house keepers, and educators, making millions off the securities exchange, the intensity to purchase stocks developed exponentially. Purchasing on Margin An expanding number of individuals needed to purchase stocks, however not every person had the cash to do as such. At the point when somebody didn't have the cash to follow through on the full cost of stocks, they could purchase stocks on edge. Purchasing stocks on edge implies that the purchaser would put down his very own portion cash, however the rest he would acquire from an agent. During the 1920s, the purchaser just needed to put down 10 to 20 percent of his own cash and consequently acquired 80 to 90 percent of the expense of the stock. Purchasing on edge could be exceptionally dangerous. In the event that the cost of stock fell lower than the advance sum, the merchant would almost certainly give an edge call, which implies the purchaser must think of the money to take care of his advance right away. During the 1920s, numerous theorists (individuals who would have liked to rake in boatloads of cash on the securities exchange) purchased stocks on edge. Certain about what appeared to be an endless ascent in costs, a large number of these theorists fail to genuinely consider the hazard they were taking. Indications of Trouble By mid 1929, individuals over the United States were scrambling to get into the financial exchange. The benefits appeared to be guaranteed to such an extent that even numerous organizations set cash in the securities exchange. Significantly increasingly tricky, a few banks set clients cash in the securities exchange without their insight. With the financial exchange costs upward bound, everything appeared to be brilliant. At the point when the incredible accident hit in October, individuals were overwhelmed. Be that as it may, there had been notice signs. On March 25, 1929, the financial exchange endured a small accident. It was an introduction of what was to come. As costs dropped, alarm struck the nation over as edge calls were given. At the point when financier Charles Mitchell made a declaration that his bank would continue loaning, his consolation halted the frenzy. Despite the fact that Mitchell and others attempted the strategy of consolation again in October, it didn't stop the huge accident. By the spring of 1929, there were extra signs that the economy may be set out toward a genuine mishap. Steel creation went down; house development eased back, and vehicle deals wound down. Right now, there were additionally a couple of trustworthy individuals notice of a looming, significant accident. Notwithstanding, when months passed by without one, those that exhorted alert were named doubters and overlooked. Summer Boom Both the scaled down accident and the naysayers were almost overlooked when the market flooded ahead throughout the mid year of 1929. From June through August, securities exchange costs arrived at their most significant levels to date. To many, the constant increment in stocks appeared to be inescapable. At the point when financial specialist Irving Fisher expressed, Stock costs have arrived at what resembles a for all time high level, he was expressing what numerous examiners needed to accept. On September 3, 1929, the financial exchange arrived at its top with the Dow Jones Industrial Average shutting down at 381.17. After two days, the market began dropping. From the outset, there was no enormous drop. Stock costs varied all through September and into October until the enormous drop on Black Thursday. Dark Thursday, October 24, 1929 On the morning of Thursday, October 24, 1929, stock costs dove. Immense quantities of individuals were selling their stocks. Edge gets were conveyed. Individuals the nation over viewed the ticker as the numbers it let out spelled their fate. The ticker was overpowered to such an extent that it immediately fell behind. A group assembled outside of the New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street, shocked at the downturn. Bits of gossip circled of individuals biting the dust by self destruction. To the extraordinary help of many, the frenzy died down toward the evening. At the point when a gathering of investors pooled their cash and put a huge whole go into the securities exchange, their ability to put their own cash in the financial exchange persuaded others to quit selling. The morning had been stunning, however the recuperation was astounding. Before the day's over, numerous individuals were again purchasing stocks at what they thought were deal costs. On Black Thursday, 12.9 million offers were sold, which was twofold the past record. After four days, the securities exchange fell once more. Dark Monday, October 28, 1929 Despite the fact that the market had shut on a rise on Black Thursday, the low quantities of the ticker that day had stunned numerous examiners. Wanting to escape the securities exchange before they lost everything (as they thought they had on Thursday morning), they chose to sell. This time, as the stock costs dove, nobody came in to spare it. Dark Tuesday, October 29, 1929 October 29, 1929, got known as the most exceedingly terrible day in securities exchange history and was called, Black Tuesday. There were such a large number of requests to sell that the ticker immediately fell behind. Before the finish of close, it had slacked to 2 1/2 hours behind. Individuals were in a frenzy, and they couldnt dispose of their stocks sufficiently quick. Since everybody was selling, and almost nobody was purchasing, stock costs fallen. Instead of the brokers energizing financial specialists by purchasing more stocks, bits of gossip circled that they were selling. Frenzy hit the nation. Over 16.4 million portions of stock were sold, another record. The Drop Continues Not certain how to stem the frenzy, the choice was made to close the financial exchange on Friday, November 1 for a couple of days. At the point when it revived on Monday, November 4 for constrained hours, stocks dropped once more. The droop proceeded until November 23, 1929, when costs appeared to balance out. Nonetheless, this was not the end. Throughout the following two years, the securities exchange kept on dropping. It arrived at its depressed spot on July 8, 1932, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average shut down at 41.22. Result To state that the Stock Market Crash of 1929â devastated the economy is putting it mildly. In spite of the fact that reports of mass suicides in the consequence of the accident were undoubtedly distortions, numerous individuals lost their whole reserve funds. Various organizations were destroyed. Confidence in banks was pulverized. The Stock Market Crash of 1929 happened toward the start of the Great Depression. Regardless of whether it was a side effect of the approaching melancholy or an immediate reason for it is still fervently discussed. History specialists, business analysts, and others keep on contemplating the Stock Market Crash of 1929 with expectations of finding the key to what began the blast and what affected the frenzy. Starting at yet, there has been little understanding with regards to the causes. In the years after the accident, guidelines covering purchasing stocks on edge and the jobs of banks have included insurances in the expectations that another serious accident would never happen again.

10 Words that Make Your Teachers Cringe

10 Words that Make Your Teachers Cringe (3) Academic writing can be tough to tackle. We usually don’t write research papers in the same way we talk or text in our everyday lives. Prime example: when have you ever wrote “yeah” or “hahaha” in a class paper? Since writing for an assignment uses a different “voice,” it can make the tone of papers and other projects difficult to master. Avoid the following words in your writing, and you will be off to a great start! For those seeking general writing help, EasyBib Plus has an automated grammar check that will scan your paper and provide suggestions on how to improve your grammar and writing style. 1. Really Part of speech:    adverb Example sentence:    Global warming is a really big problem that we must solve. Why you should avoid it:   “Really” is just a bit too informal to use in academic writing, and it doesn’t add too much to your argument most of the time. Try using words that are a little more specific and convey more nuance, such as “exceptionally” or “uncommonly.”   2. Never/Always Part of speech:    adverb Example sentence:    Politicians always have the best interests of the people they represent in mind. Why you should avoid it:    Using words like “never” and “always” are tricky in academic writing, as they are definitive and doesn’t give wiggle room for exceptions. You can almost always find an example that makes any argument untrue, so using absolutes is typically not a great idea. 3. Firstly Part of speech:    adverb Example sentence:    Firstly, I will discuss the importance of education in American society. Why you should avoid it:    Transitions are important, but ditch words like “firstly” and “lastly” in your writing. Those words were important when you were first learning to write in middle school, but now, focus on making clear topic sentences that will transition your reader without these filler words. 4. By Part of speech:    preposition Example sentence:    The cake was baked by Sarah. Why you should avoid it:    Try and avoid passive voice in your writing at all costs. If you see the word “by” appear frequently, you might need to change some of your sentences to the active voice. Active voice means that the subject of the sentence is performing the action, and it is better to use in your writing because it is generally clearer and less wordy. Take the example sentence above. In active voice, it changes to “Sarah baked the cake.” 5. Don’t Part of speech:    verb Example sentence:    They don’t know how to drive the car. Why you should avoid it:    Contractions like “don’t” are too informal to use in academic writing. This means that other contractions like “won’t” and “can’t” should be off limits too. This will make your writing sound more professional. 6. Basically Part of speech:    adverb Example sentence:    Raising the minimum wage would affect basically all Americans. Why you should avoid it:    The word “basically” is a no-go for a few reasons. First of all, it is just a little too informal. Try using words that provide more context, such as “substantially” or “essentially.” Also, the word is probably filler that can be taken out without changing the sentence’s meaning at all. For example, the example sentence still makes sense without “basically”: “Raising the minimum wage would affect all Americans.” 7. Etc. Part of speech: adverb Example sentence: Our school offers languages like Spanish, French, German, etc. Why you should avoid it: “Etc.” is short for the Latin expression et cetera, which means “and others.” While etc. has its place, formal academic writing is not the right one. It implies a sense of laziness and casualness that your teacher will not appreciate.   8. Got Part of speech:    verb Example sentence:    The plants got bigger after being treated with fertilizer. Why you should avoid it:    â€œGot” is another one of those informal verb forms that is best used in everyday speech and not your writing. Using constructions like “I have” or “I became” instead of “I got” will improve and elevate your writing. Always look for more specific verbs if possible! 9. Interesting Part of speech:    adjective Example sentence:    The effect of invasive species on their environments is interesting. Why you should avoid it:    The word “interesting” is the exact opposite of interesting. It has been overused so much that it is practically meaningless! Odds are that if you are writing about a topic, it is already interesting, so chuck this word in favor of adjectives that provide more flavor. 10.  Literally Part of speech:    adverb Example sentence:    The moon landing literally changed Neil Armstrong’s life. Why you should avoid it:    Literally is almost always misused in both writing and conversations. In addition to confusion about how to use the word, it doesn’t add much value when used correctly. Use words like “unquestionably “or “precisely” instead. Follow these tips and you will start to build a better tone in your writing assignments, as well as confidence in your writing. Is your paper done, but not your citations? Visit for tools that can easily help you generate an MLA format citation, an APA title page, or even an annotated bibliography in MLA. Our guides homepage also has a wide library of citation and writing guides that can teach you how to put together an APA citation, use interjections properly, and more!

The Bible and Archeology The Petra Great Temple Free Essay Example, 1750 words

The Great Temple owes some of its design from the Hellenistic influences, but Joukawsky believes there is a distinction of style from the Nabataeans. A horned alter and several betyls (stones that are said to house the essence of a deity) can be found within the structure, indicating the nature of the use of the building. Underneath the Great Temple is a series of canals, most likely used to bring water into the city. These have been discovered through the use of ground penetrating radar techniques and further excavation. This leads to the conclusion that the center alter was removed by Bedouins who used this for their own cultivation in later centuries. Discoveries of fresco on the walls, multiple carved relief areas, and techniques of in-situ decorative plaster include a wall with a purple border surrounding a red wall. Despite some of the assumptions that Petra has traditions within the Old Testament, some of the work within the Great Temple dates only to 100 C. E. The Greek godd ess, Tyche-Fortuna is the patron goddess of the city and a series of reliefs of her can be found that are done in coloration of either yellow and white or red and white. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bible and Archeology: The Petra Great Temple or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The purpose of the elephant motif is not clear, but the beauty of the work is unquestionable. The purpose of the Great Temple has yet to be discovered. While assumptions can be made about which gods and goddesses were worshipped by the users of the building, the actual rites and traditions have no clear foundation. There is no lack of artifacts or preserved sections of the Temple.

Plato and Lockes Views on an Innate Idea Essay - 2118 Words

Plato and Lockes Views on an Innate Idea What is an innate idea? This can be defined as some idea or mental representation that is produced by outside perception or created anew by our imagination. It exists in the mind in virtue of the nature of the human mind. According to Plato most if not all of our knowledge is innate. However, John Locke feels that we do not have any innate ideas. Then the question arises of who is right or are they both wrong. In this paper I will attempt to examine the conflicting views of Plato and Locke. The problem that I will be dealing with involves the different views of Locke and Plato. The main focus of the paper will be to deal with†¦show more content†¦Like many others Meno believes he knows what the virtues are. However, Socrates is not pleased by Menos response to the question. Meno states that, it is easy to say that a mans virtue consists of being able to manage public affairs and in so doing to benefit his friends and harm his enemies and to be careful that no harm comes to himself. [Meno 71e] This is not pleasing to Socrates because Meno also finds that women have different virtues than a man. This topic alone would need an entire paper to finish therefore, I will move ahead with innate ideas of beings. Meno wants to know whether virtues can be learned or simply known. Can they be taught to people or do we just acquire the virtues? Socrates believes that ones soul or minds knows what one thinks he learns. As this question arises Socrates uses the slave boy example to explain. In this example Socrates has a slave boy look at a mathematical problem. After the boy looks at the problem he cannot work it. However, after being showed the problem and having it broken down the boy is able to give the right answer. Socrates begins by guiding the slave boy by drawing out the ideas that the slave boy already knows or are present in him. From this the slave boy uncovers that he has ideas that he did not know he had before the encounter with Socrates. Socrates shows that the boy has neverShow MoreRelatedPlato, Locke, And The Question Of Innate Ideas1829 Words   |  7 PagesPlato, Locke and the Question of Innate Ideas Plato and Locke have opposite opinions on the matter of innate ideas. Plato argues that the recognition of truth in reality is derived from the recollection of truth in the soul. A necessary part of Platos argument is that recollection of Truth depends upon the existence of an immortal soul. Locke, on the other hand, rejects Platos argument by stating that the recognition of truth is not dependent on recollection but is rather self-evidentRead MoreThe Philosophy of John Locke Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke, Johnathan’s knowledge did not come from innate ideas or principles, but rather from experiences and sensations. Although John Locke’s thoughts were monumental, flaws exist in the rejection of innate ideas. John Locke begins his argument with a weighty dismissal. Contending innate, or inborn, ideas do not exist. In essence, Locke claims that humans set out as empty cabinets. As time progresses human sensations fill the emptiness with ideas that are then named. Furthermore, Locke continuesRead MoreTwo Other Philosophers, John Locke, And George Berkeley1569 Words   |  7 Pagestheories to the discussion from the ideas presented by Plato. Unlike Plato who argues that we cannot determine what is true or real based on experience, Locke argues that all knowledge which we use to determine what is true or real comes from experience. And similar to Plato, Berkeley argues that only our ideas are the only thing that is real. Locke also argues in his essay that knowledge is not something people are born with. Locke differs from Plato, because Plato believes we do not know the trueRead MoreThe Greatest Philosophers Of History2051 Words   |  9 Pagesthat while it may be one of the most complica ted notions we will ever face, there are innate truths that cannot be contravened. Perhaps one of the most influential discussions of humanity to have ever taken place was that of Plato’s city, a hypothetical place of dwelling meant to be a philosophical speculation of the mannerisms of human beings as Plato and his fellows saw them to be. As a great philosopher, Plato knew that human beings are naturally social beings, and need companionship like theirRead MoreThe Principles Of Empiricism And The Spirit Behind It2295 Words   |  10 PagesEmpiricism with particular reference to Locke’s theory of ideas – the basic principles of empiricism and the spirit behind it; Locke’s theory of the origin and types of ideas and the problems it gave rise to. Locke, John, An Essay concerning human understanding, Everyman, 1961: Book 1, of Innate ideas, Book 2, chapter 1, of ideas in general and their original, Berkeley, George, A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge. Empiricists endorse the idea that we have no source of knowledge inRead MoreThe Views of Locke Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesThe Views of Locke The life-blood of philosophy is argument and counter-argument. Plato and Aristotle thought of this as what they called dialectic discussion. D. W. Hamlyn JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704) Locke was the first of the British empiricists who held that our concepts and our knowledge are based on experience. He forms his system of knowledge with empiricist idioms, namely: all knowledge comes to us through experience. No mans knowledge here can go beyond his experience. There isRead MoreModern Psychology : The Scientific Study Of Mind And Behaviour1637 Words   |  7 Pagesphysical mind, leading philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle to ask questions, which are still relevant to the understanding of the mind today. Plato a philosopher that dismissed the scientific approach had many psychological insights for example; mental health, suggesting that it depends on the body and the mind. Regardless of his views on mental health, Plato insisted that there was a significant distinction between mind and body. In contrast to Plato s beliefs, Aristotle had an early scientificRead MoreUse Of Metaphysical Constructs : Explanations Of Human Thought And Behavior From The Ancient World1506 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophers had key ideas of metaphysical constructs. A key idea was proposed by Parmenides, who was a rationalist, believed that knowledge comes only through reason. Ones thoughts must then be make sense before they are to act upon them. In early Greek medicine, Galen, hypothesized personality in which he explained that Hippocrates four humors must be associated by four temperaments. During the Ancient Greece times the idea of the Relativity of Truth began to rise. This idea such that truth depen dsRead MoreChomsky s Theory Of Human Language1362 Words   |  6 PagesIn the 1960s, Empiricism and Behaviorism reigned, yet these views are now commonly mostly considered absurd due to Chomsky. Noam Chomsky, a prominent cognitive linguist and a great contributor to analytical philosophy, is in awe of the concept of human language. The properties of language enable humans to combine individual concepts together in indefinitely many ways, making the range of human thought virtually unlimited. Chomsky is fascinated that language enables humans to say virtually anythingRead MoreMachiavelli, Hobbes, And Locke1791 Words   |  8 Pagesthinkers believed politics should be. There are many topics both modern and ancient thinkers discuss in their writings, such as the purpose of politics, the science of politics, human nature, as well as the ideal regime. By doing so, these thinkers’ views on political topics such as these illuminate how they thought politics should work and who s hould be able to participate in the activity of politics. Purpose of Politics To begin with, an important theme to discuss is what the modern thinkers

Short-Term Memory The Second Stage in Memory Processing Free Essays

Introduction to Psychology Psychology 101, Section 8 October 26, 2010 Short-Term Memory The short-term memory is the lead to our long lasting remembers. Short-term memory is the second stage in the memory processing (Huffman). The short-term memory is the part of the memory that temporarily stores and processes information from the sensory memory and holds it until it decides if the information will be sent to the third stage or long-term memory (Huffman). We will write a custom essay sample on Short-Term Memory: The Second Stage in Memory Processing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The short-term memory stores a mixture of perceptual analyses information (Huffman). The short-term memory works in different ways to increase its small capacity; it uses rehearsal and chunking to be able to remember more things at once (Huffman). Rehearsal is when a person repeats information over and over again to maintain it fresh in the memory and chunking is grouping separate pieces of information into a single group (Huffman). The short-term memory is also known as the â€Å"working memory† because it’s always receiving information from the sensory memory and sending to the long-term memory (Huffman). I will be discussing the difference between short-term memory and long-term memory, the theory of decay, and the working memory. Difference The main difference between short-term memory and long-term memory is the capacity that each one has. According to Michael E. Martinez the two memories work together a cognitive architecture or the mind’s basic structure. In the short-term memory a person can only think of a few ideas at a time (Martinez). One of the characteristics of the short-term memory is that is small compare to the long-term memory which has a larger capacity (Martinez). Information flows between the short-term memory to the long-term memory, depending on the direction and different kinds of thinking results (Martinez). Short-term memory is the route entry to long-term memory or the holding template until the long-term memory processes are complete (Lewis). One example the Martinez gives is when information flows from short-term memory into long-term memory it produces learning. When information leaves flows from long-term memory back to short-term memory is called recognition or recall, which happens whenever we think about a previously known fact, person, or event (Martinez). Each memory has it’s owe limitations; the short-term memory has a small capacity making it hard to think about many things at once, while the long-term memory does not record experience completely and accurately (Martinez). Unlike the long-term memory the short-term memory has chunking, which allows the short-term memory to hold more and more information. The capacity does not change but chunk grows in complexity which allows the short-term memory to handle more data (Martinez). Decay Decay is a theory that has a long history in accounting for forgetting (Berman, Jonides, and Lewis). This is said to happen because as time passes, information in the memory erodes and is less available for retrieval (Berman, Jonides, and Lewis). Berman, Jonides, and Lewis present different experiment to examine if decay is a cause of forgetting. One study that they present is the classic study of Peterson and Peterson (1959): â€Å"Consider the classic study of Peterson and Peterson (1959), originally thought to provide strong evidence for decay. In this experiment, participants were given a letter trigram to store, followed by a retention interval that varied from 3 to 18 s. During the retention interval, participants were required to count backward by threes to prevent rehearsal of the memorandum. Following the retention interval, participants recalled the item in memory. Peterson and Peterson found that performance declined as retention intervals increased, and the authors attributed this decline to increasing decay of the memory trace with increasing time. The attribution of this effects to decay mechanism is, however, suspect. † The arguments that counting backward could not be a source of interference because their secondary task differed from the item to be stored in memory (Berman, Jonides, and Lewis). But the case is that counting task requires short-term memory retention, which is the main memory task (Berman, Jonides, and Lewis). Another problem in assessing the role of decay on short-term memory is the habitual tendency of rehearse materials that are to retain (Berman, Jonides, and Lewis). An example that Berman, Jonides, Lewis give is when we look up a phone number in the directory and then walk to the phone, we rehearse the number in our head until it is dialed. They are trying to come up with different techniques to prevent rehearsal, to get an accurate gauge of whether decay has an effect on memory (Berman, Jonides, and Lewis). Working Memory Theory based research has revealed that working memory is a system that allows a person to maintain task goals, update memory to meet current demands, and to separate memory to form relationships (Shelton, Matthews, Hill, and Gouvier). The working memory is also referred to a general purpose system that is responsible for the active task or goal relevant information while simultaneously processing other information (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). The general purpose system includes: problem solving, reading, coordination and planning, and the basic intellectual functions, which leads to research on the capacity of the working memory (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). â€Å"Beginning with Daneman and Carpenter (1980), most researchers have utilized complex working memory span tasks in which to-be-remembered items are interspersed with some processing activity. For nstance, in the reading span task participants attempt to remember words or letters while reading and comprehending sentences. These tasks can be contrasted with simple memory span tasks in which TBR items are presented without any additional processing activities. The complex span tasks nicely capture the idea that the of processing and storage are needed to fully understand the essence of working memory and tap its capacity. Furthermore, these tasks can be used to estimate an individual’s working memory capacity and examine the correlation between this capacity and other important cognitive abilities (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). The possible that the complex span tasks do not file overall resources abilities but rather that the processing task displaces items from the working memory (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). Also according to the task-switching view, a person may place an item in the working memory, and a rapid switching mechanism is needed to refresh the item before it is lost due to decay (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). The faster the information can be complete and switch back to decaying representations, the better the overall performance will be (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). There is also a difference in the amount of capacity from individual to individual (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). There are two components that individuals may differ on: first component is the need to actively maintain information over the short term and the second is the need to retrieve information that could not be actively maintain due to a large number of incoming items (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). The short-term memory has it’s mysteries due to the amount of information that one can keep and pass on. One thing is for sure is that without it we will not know what information are relevant for one to keep or decay. Now one can understand the relationship and difference between short-term and long-term memory, the theory of decay, and why the short-term memory is the working memory. References Berman, M. , Jonides, J. , Lewis, R. (2009). In search of decay in verbal short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,35(2), 317-333. doi:10. 1037/a0014873. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Huffman, K. (2010). Memory,(9th ed. Psychology in action. (242-275) Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Lewis, D. (1979). Psychobiology of active and inactive memory. Psychological Bulletin,  86(5), 1054-1083. doi:10. 1037/0033-2909. 86. 5. 1054. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Martinez, M. (2010). Human Memory The Basics. Phi Delta Kappan,  91(8), 62-65. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Shelton, J. , Elliott, E. , Matthews, R. , Hill, B. , Gouvier, W. (2010). The relationships of working memory, secondary memory, and general fluid intelligence:  Working memory is special. Journal of Experimental Psychology:  Learning, Memory, and Cognition,  36(3), 813-820. doi:10. 1037/a0019046. Ret rieved from Academic Search Premier database. Unsworth, N. , Spillers, G. , Brewer, G. (2010). The contributions of primary and secondary memory to working memory capacity: An individual differences analysis of immediate free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,  36(1), 240-247. doi:10. 1037/a0017739. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. How to cite Short-Term Memory: The Second Stage in Memory Processing, Papers

The Imperial Aspect Of Heart Of Darkness free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Joseph Conrad s Heart of Darkness is the narrative of Charlie Marlow, a crewman whose journey is through the African Congo in hunt of tusk ; nevertheless, the narrative is told on a boat at the oral cavity of the Thames River. The supporter in Heart of Darkness non merely tells the narrative of his journey through the African Congo, but besides personifies the European imperial attitude at the clip of the novelette s release in 1902. Conrad uses Marlow, Kurtz and the hearers aboard the Nellie as advocators of a free and independent universe while he uses the nefarious director and the immaculately- dressed, workaholic comptroller to stand for the bulk of Europeans who, at the clip, favored abroad expansionism. Imperialism is the cardinal focal point of the novelette revealed through the supporter s and antagonists positions. While go throughing through the Thames with a group of other crewmans, Marlow reminisces about how the land was one time a topographic point of darkness and barbarian dwellers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Imperial Aspect Of Heart Of Darkness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Get downing his narrative at twilight and completing it in full darkness, Marlow speaks of how his beloved aunt commissioned him a occupation aboard the fleet and of how he was sent down as an envoy of visible radiation to convey consolation and transmutation to an otherwise backward state. His duty to the people of the Congo is apparent when he sees the status that the indigens are in. In the beginning of the novelette Marlow is repulsed by the province of the hapless and starved people but after seeing a group of deceasing African work forces, Marlow becomes compassionate and hunts for nutrient to give to the work forces who are victims of exploitatory labour. This is the point when Marlow s character becomes similar to Kurtz s in that he realizes the injury the bargainers have done to the indigens and begins experiencing guilty. Marlow thinks that suppressing the jungle for all its tusk is an backbreaking undertaking after seeing a battlewagon fire its guns at the civilians. It was as if the bantam battlewagon was firing at the huge continent of Africa instead than the people. Conrad uses this metaphor to tie in European thought with imperialism. Unfortunately, Europeans, with the exclusion of Marlow, Kurtz and possibly a few others, were chiefly concerned with acquiring land- endurance of the civilians was expendable on the continent. In Part II, a group of adventurers called the Eldorado Exploring Exposition led by the director s uncle come to the Congo. Marlow expresses his ideas on the mission s evil purpose by stating that these seamy pirates were merely after the wealths of the continent and non concerned with the indigens: it was foolhardy without boldness, greedy without audaciousness, and cruel without bravery ; there was non an atom of foresight or of serious purpose in the whole batch of them, and they did non look cognizant these things are wanted for the work of the universe. To rupture hoarded wealth out of the bowels of the land was their desire, with no more moral intent at the dorsum of it than there is in burglars interrupting into a safe. Who paid the disbursals of the baronial endeavor I don t know ; but the uncle of our director was the leader of that batch. ( 1449 ) As Marlow s journey Begins from the Center Station and continues up the river towards toward Kurtz s Inner Station, his captivation for Kurtz and his sympathetic attitude towards the people of the Congo addition while the adversaries maintain their stance of ravishing the land for more tusk. In Part III when Marlow must deliver Kurtz he feels that it is a personal end to make it entirely because, at that point, the bond between them was so strong that he couldn t bear the load of personal failure. Unlike Kurtz nevertheless, Marlow has the emotional and physical strength to defy the call of the jungle and Kurtz shortly dies. As mentioned in his analysis of the novelette, Edward W. Said says Heart Of Darkness plants so efficaciously because its political relations and aesthetics are, so to talk, imperialistic, which in the shutting old ages of the 19th century seemed to be at the same clip an aesthetic, politic, and even epistemology inevitable and ineluctable. ( 1503 ) By this statement Said is corroborating that the characters and puting typify imperialism and that holding been through the quest for expansionism himself, Conrad is merely enfolding the audience in the pragmatism of European idea during this clip period as opposed to Achebe s statement which says that Conrad is a blazing racialist. When Conrad wrote Heart of Darkness King Leopold II had control over what was so the Congo Free State. Conrad is said to hold exaggerated the conditions in the Congo Free State for the interest of affect, but in world it was bad plenty that it was brought to the attending of the general populace. Conrad uses this affect to demo the strength of the European imperialistic attitude and to demo the atrocious anguish the people of the Congo suffered because of the white adult male s desire for more new and alien land.

The Construction of the Hoover Dam an Example of the Topic History Essays by

The Construction of the Hoover Dam by Expert Nerdy Maureen | 20 Dec 2016 The Hoover dam is a concrete-made dam located in the Colorado River on the boundary between Nevada and Arizona. It was named after President Herbert Hoover that was very influential in the construction of the dam. The construction of this project started in 1931 and was finished in 1935. The objective of the construction of this dam was multi-purpose. First was to control the flooding in the nearby counties along the Colorado River. Next was to provide irrigation to agricultural lands of California and Arizona. And last was to provide hydro-electric power to nearby regions. It was measured to be 726 feet high and 1,244 feet long. The base of this dam is 660 feet thick that is 60 feet longer than 2 football fields placed end-to-end. Need essay sample on "The Construction of the Hoover Dam" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The Hoover dam is one of the modern day construction projects that show a very creative and ingenious side of a construction corporation. The company named Six Companies Inc. was the lucky construction company that was given the job to do this state-of-the-art dam project. The construction company was called the Six Companies Inc. because in reality, it was a consortium of six construction companies that merged and worked together for this project. The six companies included were J.F. Shea Co., Morrison-Knudsen Co., MacDonald & Kahn Ltd., Pacific Bridge Co., Utah Construction Co., and joint venture of Henry J. Kaiser, Warren Brothers & W.A. Bechtel Co. These construction companies merged together for this project because of the reason that no construction company could produce the required $5,000,000 performance bond. Another company was contracted to assist the refrigeration needs of the concrete during the pouring and curing stage of the construction. The Union Carbide Corporation was contracted for this job. The onset of the Great Depression in 1931 paved way to massive migration of unemployed workers from Las Vegas and earned them jobs in building this historical project. The workers and their families were temporarily housed in camps like Ragtown as the work in the town advanced. Then after the construction of Boulder City, the workers were moved from Ragtown to this place where they stayed until the completion of the dam. During the construction, two cofferdams were built to protect the construction area from flooding. The upper cofferdam was constructed in September 1932, although the persion of the Colorado River was not yet finished. A temporary dike secluded the cofferdam from the river. The construction of the project was boosted when the Arizona tunnels and the persion of the Colorado River were completed. After the construction of the cofferdams, the excavation for the foundation of the dam started. Loose materials were removed so that the dam would rest on solid rock. The excavation for the foundation of the dam was completed in June 1933. Approximately 1,500,000 square yards of loose materials was removed that includes materials from the canyon walls. The people who were assigned to remove the loose rocks from the canyon walls were called high-scalers. These high-scalers were suspended from the top of the canyon using ropes and they used jackhammers and dynamites for removing the loose rocks on the canyon walls. Four persion tunnels were constructed through the canyon walls to pert the river flow around the construction site. Two were built on the Arizona side and the other two were built on Nevada side. The diameter of these tunnels was approximately 56 feet. The total aggregated length of these tunnels was around 16,000 feet. The work on the tunnels began at the lower entrance of the Nevada tunnels in May 1931. Afterwards, the work on the tunnels at the Arizona soon started. Lining of the tunnels with concrete started in March 1932. The concrete base for the tunnels was first poured. In order to execute this efficiently, gantry cranes, moving along the rails positioned through out the entire length of each tunnel, were utilized to pour the concrete. The sidewalls were then constructed. Moveable segments of steel forms were employed. The overheads were constructed last. The thickness of the concrete was measured to be 3 feet, hence reducing the final tunnel diameter to only 50 feet. The ent rances to the two outer tunnels were sealed after the completion of the dam. On June 6, 19333, the first concrete block was positioned into the dam. Because of the fact that no construction as big as the Hoover dam was done before, a lot of the procedures and techniques employed in the construction of the dam were untested. The uneven cooling and contraction of the concrete posed a very big problem for the construction engineers. The engineers of the project calculated that if one continuous pours of concrete was done to build the dam; it would take around 125 years for the concrete to cool down. It would definitely result to stresses on the concrete and therefore create cracks on the concrete walls. The solution to this dilemma was to build a series of trapezoidal pillars interlocking with each other. Every concrete pour was no more than half-foot deep, which ensured that no construction would be accidentally buried alive in the concrete. To quicken the cooling of the concrete, cooling coils were contained in each concrete pillar. Water from the Colorado River was circulated along these cooling coils to help disperse the heat from the concrete. Overall, the Hoover dam required more than 3,250,000 cubic yards of concrete for its construction. The base of the Hoover dam alone needed 230 inpidual massive concrete blocks. Five foot high blocks of different width, varying from 25 square feet on the downstream side to 60 square feet on the upstream side constituted the dam. The columns or pillars of concrete were connected together with a system of alternating horizontal and vertical plots. The excavation for the power plants was performed simultaneously with the excavation of the foundation of the dam. The excavation for the U-shaped construction situated at the downstream side of the dam was completed in 1933. After the completion of the excavation, seventeen turbine-generators were installed at this powerhouse. These generators provided a maximum hydro-electric power of 2,074 Megawatts to the nearby region of the Colorado River. The first transmission of electricity happened on October 26, 1936 when the power plants provided electricity to Los Angeles, California that was 266 miles away from the Colorado River. The original plans for the front wall of the dam and the powerhouse comprised of simple concrete wall with gothic-inspired barrier and the plant that appear to be a warehouse. But many criticized the plan to be too simple for a ground-breaking project. Gordon Kaufmann was assigned to do the redesign of the exteriors. He restructured the buildings and employed a stylish Art deco design to the project, with structured turrets on the face of the dam. The construction was finally completed in 1935. The total cost of the entire project was $165 million and took four and half years to complete. A total of 4.4 million cubic yards of concrete was used for the whole project. U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt dedicated the project on September 30, 1935 that drew massive crowds. He called the project as an Engineering victory for the American ingenuity. But sadly, there were 112 deaths related with the construction of the Hoover dam. The first person killed in the construction was J. G. Tierney. He drowned while he was finding a perfect spot for the dam. His son P. W. Tierney also died in the construction of this dam. A total 96 deaths happened on the construction site. There was a controversy with the naming of this dam. The dam was originally planned to be constructed in the Boulder Canyon. This was the reason why the dam was sometimes called the Boulder dam. But it was moved to the Black Canyon for better impoundment. At the official start of the project construction, Interior Secretary Ray Wilbur declared that the new dam would be named Hoover dam in honor of the U.S. President Herbert Hoover, who was in seat when the construction of the project started. Secretary Wilbur adhered to the tradition of naming the important dams after the U.S. President who was in seat when the construction started. The name Hoover dam became official when the U.S. Congress passed an act on February 14, 1931. But during the 1932 U.S. Presidential elections, Hoover lost to Franklin Roosevelt for the Presidential seat. Roosevelt took his seat on March 4, 1933, and he placed Harold Ickes as Secretary of Interior. Ickes sought for the removal of Hoovers name from the Boulder dam project. He made a memorandum to the Bureau of Reclamation renaming the project, the Boulder dam. After few years, all references to the Hoover dam disappeared in favor of the Boulder dam. But after the death of President Roosevelt 1945 and the retirement of Harold Ickes in 1946, California Congressman Jack Anderson submitted a resolution on March 4, 1947 to return the name of the Boulder dam back to Hoover dam. This resolution passed the House on March 6, 1947 and the Senate on April 23, 1947. President Harry Truman signed the new law on April 30, 1947 stating the restoration of the name Hoover dam to the dam constructed on the Colorado River in Black Canyon. The Hoover dam is a National Historic Landmark in the United States. It attracts millions of tourists each year. And currently, the Hoover dam is one of the busiest U.S. National Park. It also serves as a passage for U.S. Route 93. Works Cited Construction History of Hoover dam. Arizona Leisure. 1 December 2007 http://www.arizona-leisure.com/hoover-dam-building.html>. Construction of Hoover dam: A Historic account prepared in cooperation with the Department of Interior. KC Publications, 1976. Historic Construction Company Project Hoover dam. 2006. Construction Company.com. 1 December 2007 . Stevens, Joseph E. Hoover dam: An American Adventure (Paperback). University of Oklahoma Press, 1990.

The Jeffersonian Republicans vs. the Federalists essays

The Jeffersonian Republicans vs. the Federalists essays The early 1800s helped clearly distinguish the views between the Jeffersonian Republicans and the Federalists. During the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison, many issues evolved showing the strong opinions of the two groups. The Jeffersonian Republicans supported a strong constitution, while the Federalists supported broad constructionism. Thomas Jefferson was the leader of the Jeffersonian Republicans. They disagreed with the Federalists on virtually every issue. When he was inaugurated as President in March of 1801, he planned on making many changes. The Alien and Sedition acts, which were set by the federalists to control public negativity towards the party, were not renewed and those who were previously imprisoned by them were pardoned. Many changes were also made to the navy. Prior to his presidency, Jefferson wrote about his confidence in the ideas of the preservation of the Constitution in a conservative manner. He also states that the Federalists have failed to follow the Constitution accurately and the way it should have been followed. (Document A) The Jeffersonian Republican views are also shown in a document from Jefferson to a minister named Samuel Miller. In this document Jefferson strongly opposes the idea of government in correlation to religion. He states that no power, according to the const itution, was delegated to the general government to assume any authority in religious discipline. (Document B) Jefferson defended the views of the Jeffersonian Republicans throughout his term in office. James Madison also defended the Jeffersonian Republicans while he was in office. In a message to Congress in March of 1817, he shows his strict interpretation of the Constitution. Here, Madison shares his decision with Congress on an International Improvements Bill. (Document H) The bill asked approval for federal funds that would go towards construction roads and canals and improving water n...

The Separation of Church and State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Separation of Church and State - Essay Example The Separation of Church and State The separation of church and state is distancing the relationship of the organized religion and the nation. The second reason is that the church might harm the state by starting a war because of wrongful religious convictions. The state also can harm the church when it dictates on religious ceremonies or by forcing religious leaders on civic matters that offend the church. There are 4 kinds of power: Physical, wealth, influence and authority. These powers can be misused in controlling others and can be dangerous when combined. Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely hence no one should have this kind power hence the need to separate the two entities. With the separation of church and state, religious leaders should not have no right to interfere in policy decisions made by the government. It is actually inappropriate for policies by the government to be based solely on religious beliefs and doctrines. This does not mean that officials in the government should abandon their faith to take part in the political process or that it is wrong to take up moral and religious values in politics. Moral dimensions also exist in both social and public policies including budgets which are inherent moral documents. Decisions such as tax increments and public spending affect the society and reflect a community’s priorities. Policy decision that affects peoples’ lives such as laws condemning murder and theft are rooted from religious teachings and are shared broadly across secular and religious lines. However, a public official has no right to base decisions or cite religious beliefs as a reason for failure to uphold the duties and responsibilities of their office. Religious leaders should only advice or be consulted but not having a seat at the decision table. They can comment, condemn or support the policies but only as the church’s opinion and not as the general public†™s. The Family brought a fresh perspective on influential evangelists such as Charles Finney, Jonathan Edwards and Billy Graham. The book also gives a new understanding of leaders including Senators Sam Brownback and Hillary Clinton and former senator Dan Coats, Jack Kemps and religious right leaders Chuck Colson, Ted Haggard and Bill Bright. In the book, we learn how the legislative precedent for George Bush’s faith initiative was brought up by ideas from The Family and was sponsored by Family members, Republican Senators Ashcroft and Coats with assistance from Hillary Clinton. According to Sharlet (29), the author of The Family, members of this organization rarely step out of the shadows but only on one public event, the Prayer Breakfast which is annually hosted in the Whitehouse. When the government is lobbying efforts of most religious institutions, their activities are usually done in the darkness even as people of numerous influences routinely pressure lawmakers on is sues ranging from international relations to healthcare or abortion rights to poverty. This was designed by the government when congress passed the Lobbying Disclosure Act in 1995 (Sharlet 15). The act provided a few exceptions including lobbying communications done by a church. The separation of state and the church is very important to the American government, but it is usually vague and murky. Americans want their legislators to pass good laws that result in a good society and good citizenship. Religious leaders do not have two perspectives of good, one secular and one religious. A legislator has to believe in the

Determination of the California Bearing Ratio CBR of an Engineering Lab Report

Determination of the California Bearing Ratio CBR of an Engineering Soil sample - Lab Report Example This value serves as a recommendation for the usage of the engineering soil in subgrades and base courses in pavements. The CBR value is a Rating or percentage which is calculated by comparing the measured pressure with the standard pressure. Then compared with the recommendation given by different engineering practicing bodies and authorities. The test is carried according to BS 1377: Part 4: 1990. As the procedure is already discussed in detail in the Laboratory Manual and the BSI Standard. Whereas the brief outline is that the first step is to prepare the sample to be tested, then the soil sample is compacted using the standard method. Then the sample is placed in the compression machine and after applying the seating load, the test is initiated and reading is taken for every 0.25 mm interval. Lastly the value of 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm penetration is recorded, and finally, the CBR value is calculated. But the results our test show that the curve for the bottom is above the curve of the standard this is not correct. Hence there is some source of error. These errors can be due to any reason; this could be due to the faulty apparatus, and there might be a permanent error in the dial gauges. There might be some initial reading that could have been considered and not eliminated later. There is a large error seen in the readings of the bottom of the CBR test, the result shows that the CBR value is more than 100% that is not possible. So these reading are not considered and discarded. Therefore the CBR value of 5% is found as an appropriate value. Then there are certain considerations to be taken while the experiment to have accurate readings. Firstly the face of the plunger must be leveled onto the sample face and no kern should be there. Then the surcharge plate must also be placed which will restrict from the heaving of the soil.

Genre Study: The Romance Comedy

Genre Study: The Romance Comedy The thesis introduces some basic conceptions of genre and then generally analyzes the features of the US and UK film genre especially in terms of romance comedy of US and UK film. The author uses Love Actually and Pretty Woman as two examples to represent UK and US romance comedy respectively. Love Actually was acted by many outstanding actors and actresses like Hugh Grant, Emma Thompson, Mr. Bean (Rowan Atkinson), Alan Rickman, etc, which makes the movie an all-star lineup. However, pretty Woman doesnt fall behind. It was acted by Hollywood movie star Richard Gere and Julia Roberts. By comparing the two representatives, it is not difficult to arrive at the conclusion that UK romance comedy is more realism while the other is more idealism. I believe it more or less has something related to their different cultures and national characters. British people are more conservative than Americans so their romance is closer to life, its better for audience to find the real love in reality be cause some plot of the movie just like a familiar one happened in neighborhood. It reflects some true situation in real life. Pretty Woman is a bit like the realization of American Dream to American people; the movie makes the fairy tale dream become true. Thats why these two movies are excellent learning materials for romance genre study. When talking about film genre, there is no reason not to mention the etymology of genre, which comes from French (originally Latin) word meaning type or kind. With the word genre coming into use of English, it is not hard to come across literacy genre, genres in painting etc, however, this paper mainly emphasizes on film genre. How we define genre is depending on our purposes. Film genre is closely connected with the aspect of audiences common knowledge and their expectations, that is, how audience recognizes and understands movie. As Alastair Fowler said that readers learn genres gradually, usually through unconscious familiarization, I put forward the idea that audience use genre to distinguish a particular movie and it makes a genre a code between producers and viewers in the text of a specific movie. When I start to analyze US film genre, I cant ignore the impact of Hollywood, which produces a large amount of blockbuster through the whole world, to name but a few, Gone With the Wind, The Sound of Music, Titanic, The Lord of the King, Avatar In Hollywood movie, the leading genres are action-adventure, comedy, science fiction, teenpics, war films, westerns, melodrama and so on. It is universally acknowledged that love is indispensable in humans lifeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’so its always the source material for literature and art creation. There is no doubt that love is always the eternal theme of movie, thats why the box of romance story is on the glory trail for long years. In some other film genre, romance is supposed to be the sub-genre, which makes romantic thriller, romantic drama, action romance and romantic comedy. And even in Titanic this kind of disaster film, romance is an important element which runs through the whole movie. At different time peoples outlook of love reflect their mo ral value at that time. The production of movie is usually based on the characteristic temper of an age to highlight the theme of the time. During the Second World War period, Gone with the Wind, Casablanca, For Whom the Bell Tolls are popular films because they shoot at the real background of the society, which reveals the changing life brought by the war. While in the period of 90th century, Youve Got a Mail, Message in a Bottle, A Walk in the clouds these new time romance come into the big screen. Especially in Youve Got a Mail internet has become a bridge between the hero and heroine, besides that the film also reflects cyber romance in real life. As it goes to nowadays romance, it becomes much more incredible and extraordinary just like Across the Universe, Sliding Doors, twilight. When I continue to analyze the UK film genre, there are three main characteristics going as follows. First of all it inherits and develops the realistic tradition of English drama. For instance, Gandhi, A Passage to India, Gosford Park represent the introspection of the history and culture of colonial domination; the Bridge on the River Kwai, the Private Life of Henry VIII, the Queen criticize the corrupt customs of old value and national characters; the Land Girls, Love Actually promote the standard civilization of mainstream society; Four weddings and a Funeral, Mr. Bean advocate the optimistic attitude towards life. Secondly, UK movie is keen on the artistic characteristics of English drama, leading to the high artistic value in either shooting or performance, especially the gentleman style in acting. It also explains why many English films win the Academy Award such as The English patient, Shakespeare in Love. The last but not least, it adapts some literary masterpiece and many o f them stay famous with the original work. Tess is revised from Hardy; Oliver Twist is revised from Charles Dickens; Sense and Sensibility is converted from Jane Austin. When all the above-mentioned factors are taken into consideration, a conclusion could be drawn that UK films are more traditional and retain some features of English drama. Hereinafter I will illustrate Love Actually and Pretty Woman to analysis the features of UK and US romance comedy respectively and compare their similarities and distinctions. Love actually is one of the most successful English romance comedies which breaks the record of Bridget Joness Diary and wins the top-grossing movie release in ever. It is made up of ten separate stories but also there are small connections among those stories at the background of traditional festival-Christmas. In fact the name of the movie love actually means Love is actually around, so the whole melody of the movie is immersed in warm and love. The beginning and ending part take place at Heathrow Airport where passengers part or reunite with their family or friends. Fathers and sons, mothers and daughters, husband and wife, boyfriends, girlfriends and old friends, they smile, embrace or kiss each other, making the airport cozy beautiful place. Love is found everywhere. Our eyes do not show a lack of sense of love, but lack of observation. This film reflects different kind of outlook of love in UK society. Love is around no matter who you are and what social class you come from. Even you are the prime minister of the United Kingdom; you may fall in love with your assistant. The director just suggests that there is no hierarchy, no stratum in love, everyone is equal at the front of love; love makes people closer to each other and makes them come together no matter what their identities are. Love is around no matter which country you are from and what language you are speaking. Love has no boundaries. The little boy confesses his feelings to the African-American girl at the encouragement of his stepfather. Love is brave, there are neither skin colors nor races in love, and we all cheer for the little boy because of his braveness. Totally there are ten stories and everyone can find some touching details in some stories because they are closely related to our life and I believe thats why it s not the same as Hollywood romance comedy, its special gentleman style humor and lightly moving plot are not like a raging flame but can still give us warm and power. It makes audience feel comfortable and full of confidence that love is everywhere. Be generous and gratitude to life because love is always around us. It is a movie but it is also like what happened in our own life. Apart from the romance story in the film, we can find the epitome of British politics and the relationship between British and American. A friend who bullies us is no longer a friend. Bring out their opinion that they dont want to be an attendant of America. We can still catch the satire that Englishman used to show disagreement with American and their pop culture. They laugh at Americans arbitrariness and their open culture. Satire is one way of English humor. As is known to us, comedy is very influential in English film industry because the nation feels proud of their sense of humor. Mr. Bean has become the stereotype of comedy and Rowan Atkinsons face represent funny and humor. When he showed up in a movie we can predict that something interesting will happen. So even he shows up several minutes in Love Actually, he still creates happiness to the audience. On the other hand, Pretty Woman is a typical Cinderella Hollywood style romance comedy. Hao Jian claims Pretty Woman is a romantic film and studies how this movie leads the audience to enjoy the visual and ideological pleasure through inserting typical movie language. He argues the directors use of movie language and the like zero cut is a strategy to remove barriers between the characters and the audience. (Hao Jian,2002) Since there is no denying that characters are the souls of movie, this paper mainly focuses on characters personalities to conclude the genre features instead of the angle from shooting methods like montage etc. Edward represents prototype of the upper class while Vivian represents the working class in US. From my point of view, American romance comedy is more idealized just like a fairy tale and a wonderful dream because girls are eager to encounter her prince of charming like Edward and boys want to be successful and have the social status as Edward. That is to s ay, American romance story is more idealism so that the heroes and heroine are so glorious that audience wish they could become them. Vivian, the pretty woman in the movie, though she doesnt have a decent occupation, she still has her own qualities, which attract the perfect hero and win his love. I analyzed the heroine and find she has four qualities that makes she become the princess. To start with, she is frank and honest, so that she always expresses her feelings directly and doesnt hide her opinions. Next, although she is a prostitute, she still has self-respect. When she lives a comfortable life provided by Edward she still prepares to leave because all she wants is not just material things. Thirdly, she is a lovely woman, which can be drawn from her cute actions and innocent dialogue. At last, she creates her own idealism when she is a street girl and luckily her dreams come true. In real life its hard to imagine a millionaire falls in love with a prostitute, but just because of the mode of Cinderella and the prince of modern time makes audiences wish come true, the film becomes a very popular one even until today. Pretty Woman still makes sense in our society; the vision of love differs in our time. Now it seems that status, fortune and appearance have become some necessaries in matching love. Love is no longer pure love; people become together with clear intensions, for instance, the insurance of life, the standard of consumptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦It seems that people now regard marriage as a relationship instead of an institution. In the movie it tells us that family background, job, features are not so important, the most important thing is ones inner world, pure soul and warm heart. Pretty Woman inherits the traditional mode of US romance comedy, which contains handsome man, hot figure woman and happy ending story. However, this movie also praises female while some other US film would show sympathy of female like Thelma and Louise, the Color Purple and so on. All in all, Pretty Woman is a very classic Hollywood movie which is beneficial for us to study film genre of romance comedy of American. Conclusion Through the further discovery of genre study, it helps us obtain some fundamental conception of film genre in terms of romance comedy. Film genre is a long journey that in this paper I only underline a small aspect of film genre. As far as I am concerned, romance comedy is so popular that this film genre can always attract audiences attention and sit in the cinema to enjoy the movie. However, Love actually and Pretty Woman are just two stereotypes of romance comedy. There are numerous films of this type, if we want to draw more conclusions we always have many options since If Only, Five first dates, Sleepless in Seattle,etc, are classic romance story worth watching. Bibiliography: UK Film Council. http://sy10.ukfilmcouncil.ry.com/Default.asp An introduction to genre theory. Daniel Chandler. American Film Genres: Approach to a critical theory of Popular Film. Kaminsky, Stuart M. Media Semiotics: An Introduction. Bignell, Jonathan. Manchester University Press. 1997 Film Genre Study. HaoJian. Beijing University Press. 2002 The Film Genre Book. John Sanders. Auteur Publishing. 2009 Film Genre 2000:New Critical Essays. Wheeler Winston Dixon. State University of New York Press.2000 Film Genre:Hollywood and Beyond. Barry Langford. Edinburgh University Press. 2005 Romance Fiction: A guide to the genre. Kristin Ramsdell. Englewood,Colo. 1999

Music Analysis Essay

â€Å"Bitch Bad† is popular hip-hop song performed by Chicago native rapper, Lupe Fiasco. The song depicts the word bitch in the many forms that it is used in today’s urban society. The song starts with a dark weary synthesizer and a heavy deep 808 drum pattern that reflects the sound that is used in many of today’s popular club/party songs. The words to the song shine a stereotypical light on â€Å"bad bitches,† but there is a twist. Fiasco highlights 3 significant points which is the basis of the song, â€Å"Bitch bad, woman good, lady better† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). By producing this song, Lupe Fiasco points out the relevance and impact that the term has on modern day youth. Fiasco also wanted to make an attempt to steer people in the opposite direction from the normal stereotype of the well-known and overrated term ‘bad bitch. ’ As the first verse starts, Fiasco brings listeners into the world of a young male, around the age of 4 or 5 that picks up on the music his mother listens to that has references of women as being bad bitches. Fiasco describes how the mother sings to the song playing and her son is listening to her sing along to the lyrics. Fiasco states the more the son hears his mother play this type of music, he develops a certain complex on how he views women that use the â€Å"bad bitch† phrase. By the son being such a tender age, he receives the song based on what he sees in his mother instead of the derogatory way the song is describing women. The young boy forms his own opinion of the bad bitch theory. His own mother, whom he looks up to and admires, calls herself a bad bitch, so he depicts the term â€Å"bad bitch† to be positive. To him it resembles a strong, independent, respectful woman because this is how he sees his mother, as opposed to a woman that is weak, dependent and unstable. The hook to the song â€Å"Bitch Bad† illuminates the 3 categories of women: bitch, woman, and lady. â€Å"Bitch bad, woman good/ Lady better, they misunderstood/ (I’m killin’ these bitches)† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). These lyrics are self-explanatory. This hook is saying that being called a bitch is a bad thing, being called a woman is better, but being called a lady is phenomenal. Lupe Fiasco is trying to tell young girls, or young women, what they should be trying to aspire to be instead of trying to be what they see on the television screens or hear on the radio. More recently in urban society being a woman or a lady has lost its value. The message that Lupe Fiasco is trying to send out to the audience of this song is that being a bad bitch is not a positive look. In verse two of the song â€Å"Bad Bitch,† Fiasco breaks down how a young group of girls in their pre-teen stage listen to songs and watch music videos on the internet. The videos are uncensored and because they know more about the internet than their parents, they don’t get parental consent. Children tend to know a lot more about modern day technology than their parents. This is how children such as the ones described in this verse, are able to watch uncensored items online. The young girls are at an age where they need a positive female role model, but instead they are influenced by the women they see in music videos. These young girls receive a different persona of a bad bitch than the young boy in the first verse. Bad bitches to them are women that have sex appeal, skinny with big butts, and wear sexy and revealing clothing. As the song states â€Å"High heels, long hair, fat booty, slim†¦ They don’t see a paid actress, just what makes a bad bitch† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). The girls have this image in their heads, and without proper guidance, this is what they want to grow up to be. The third verse begins by Fiasco stating that he is not trying to teach children to use the term â€Å"bitch† but as a psychological way to let listeners know that he is against the use of the word. This verse combines the first two and it continues with the observation of how small the world really is and the young boy from the first verse and one of the young girls from the second verse meet. Fiasco continues on to illustrate how the boy is viewing the girl in an insolent way based on how she is dressed, but she is saying it in a sexual way. His viewing of a bad bitch is not what the girl is showcasing. Sure enough, in this little world/The little boy meets one of those little girls/And he thinks she a bad bitch/And she thinks she a bad bitch/He thinks disrespectfully/She thinks of that sexually/She got the wrong idea/He don’t wanna fuck her/He thinks she’s bad at being a bitch/Like his mother† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). She is flaunting her half-dressed body i n front of him, yet he is telling her that his mother didn’t do things like that, and that is what he knows to be a bad bitch. The young man fostered his view on the term from what he saw in his mother, a respectful woman. They young lady obtained her view from the flashy video girls she saw in music videos. The term ‘bad’ back in earlier years portrayed a woman who had her life together and was sexy in a respectful way. She was the woman that didn’t need assistance from the male counterpart. Black moguls in the rap/hip hop community, such as Dame Dash, Russell Simmons, Nicki Minaj, and Jay-Z have taken the word ‘bad’ and made the ‘bitch’ addition and spread it through the black culture. Now a female who has lower standards perceives that she’s a â€Å"bad bitch† because she is being uplifted by the black urban community. Society today can take the term â€Å"bad bitch’ as being either good or bad. Marc Hogan, writer for Spin Magazine, stated â€Å"Clearly, something has changed in hop hop’s relationship with anti-woman slurs†¦and that’s ostensibly what Lupe Fiasco tries to address†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hogan). The perception of women slurs all depend on individual perceptions and how much impact social media has on an individual. This song released in August 2012. Upon its music video release, MTV did an interview with Lupe Fiasco. During this interview, Fiasco stated that he â€Å"just wanted to have a conversation,† (Fiasco, Interview). Lupe also suggested that because there is no solidification to the term bad bitch, â€Å"†¦it’s definitely something that I think we should talk about because it’s so prevalent in our culture right now† (Fiasco, Interview). Lupe is trying to get the world to understand that a bad bitch is a double standard as stated in the lyrics â€Å"Bad mean good to her/She really nice and smart/ But bad mean bad to him/Bitch don’t play your part/ But bitch still bad to her if you say it the wrong way/ But she think she a bitch/What a double entendre† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). Rob Markman stated that â€Å"Lupe Fiasco knows all too well the power of words. † This is very true. Fiasco’s music is well known in the hip hop industry for relaying some kind of message. Lupe Fiasco did precisely what he set out to do, spark a conversation and produce different point of views. â€Å"Depending on where you stand, the term â€Å"bad bitch† may have positive or negative connotations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Markman). Fiasco let the world know that is was more to being a ‘bad bitch’. What viewers see in music videos is only one perception. Needless to say, â€Å"†¦whether you consider â€Å"bitch† empowering or degrading, there is always something to ponder on† (Viera), and Lupe Fiasco definitely gave his listeners, and non-listeners, something to think about.

Active Audiences & the Construction of Meaning

Active Audiences & the Construction of Meaning â€Å"Media messages are central to everyday lives†¦ Audiences are active interpreters of meaning. † â€Å"Audiences interpret media in diverse ways. †(255-256). People in the media industry believe that the audience is a mass of passive readers who accept media messages uncritically.Nevertheless, the audiences actively take part in the interpretation of media texts which is an essential process when media messages start meaning something to people who assign their own implication to the texts. Sometimes audiences can interpret the message in the same way as intended by the producers, but sometimes they construct meaning that is very different. People interpret media texts in all types of social settings. Therefore, media has become a significant part of the social life.Since audiences are active receivers of media texts, they can change media messages by collective action such as prohibition of certain media texts, ca mpaigns that show audiences’ disapproval of media products, public writing of letters of complaint regarding media, foundation of independent media that criticize main media but also supply audiences with alternative perspectives. Audiences from different races, ethnicities, genders and social classes construct various interpretations of the same media message.So, media texts are characterized by polysemy, they have multiple meanings. According to John Fiske (1986) there is abundance of meaning embedded in the media texts. Therefore, media messages are structured in a way that enables people to make different readings and interpret them actively, not simply to accept the dominant interpretation. People have agency but there is no structure. However, people from different social backgrounds construct various interpretations of same media texts. Social statuses shape audience members’ viewpoints, interests and attitudes towards media.As a result, people must be aware of their agency- the opportunity to construct meaning- and of the social constraints as well. People often construct interpretation that is based on widely accepted norms, values and beliefs about the world around us. According to Stuart Hall’s encoding-decoding model messages are constructed on the basis of specific â€Å"codes†, encoded by the producers and decoded by the active audience. To decode the media texts, audiences have to know the basic medium conventions and cultural values.Since media messages draw on some taken-for-granted beliefs and cultural codes, the audience uses its knowledge about them to construct meaning and decode the media texts. This factor hinders us from being fully autonomist. Active audiences use media for diverse reasons and construct different interpretations but the big corporations will always be there to nudge us in certain directions. Fortunately, people like me will often refuse to accept the preferred meaning and develop oppositiona l reading and resistance, which are related to social action.Audiences’ oppositional decoding is part of the resistance to the traditional roles and rules. People are suppose to use media to relax, fantasize and escape from the social reality or solve some problems and live in harmony not to be subliminally attacked by producer beliefs. Some people experience ‘pleasure of resistance’ by making interpretations opposing to the dominant meanings. Overall there will always be a give and take between the media and the people, what we have to remember is we can have control over these media influence as long as we can take a step back and acknowledge their presence.

English B 6th Hour Mrs. Vanzegeren Essay - 952 Words

Chyle Finlaw English B 6th Hour Mrs. VanZegeren It was the beginning of the day and Kullan was in a rush to get to his classroom, He took his lunch and said goodbye to his mother. Once he got to his classroom, he said hello to all his friends and to his teacher, Mr. Metten, who has been teaching at Kullan’s school for 6 years. Lately Mr. Metten has been getting to know his students on a more personal level and has been enjoying his job more. Mr. Metten has been teaching the second grade for four of his six years of teaching. Before he was a middle school history teacher, Oh, how he hated middle school. All the obnoxious, ornery, loathsome, vile, and naive seventh and eighth graders running around trying to impress one another. He hated how arrogant middle schooler’s were, So, when a position at the local elementary school opened up he jumped on it, if only he knew. About halfway through the day Kullan and his friend Jake were drowning in pop tarts during lunch. As they walked back to their classroom, a sense of disquietude fell over the hallway. No more than half a second later there were sounds of gunshots and screaming coming not too far from where the children were standing. A teacher Kullan saw a couple days ago came sprinting around a corner, she stopped long enough for him to notice that there was fresh blood stained on her shirt. Kullan was in such shock he didn’t hear the teacher tell them to run, He was jolted back to reality by a quick shake from Mr. Metten. Mr.