The Bible and Archeology The Petra Great Temple Free Essay Example, 1750 words

The Great Temple owes some of its design from the Hellenistic influences, but Joukawsky believes there is a distinction of style from the Nabataeans. A horned alter and several betyls (stones that are said to house the essence of a deity) can be found within the structure, indicating the nature of the use of the building. Underneath the Great Temple is a series of canals, most likely used to bring water into the city. These have been discovered through the use of ground penetrating radar techniques and further excavation. This leads to the conclusion that the center alter was removed by Bedouins who used this for their own cultivation in later centuries. Discoveries of fresco on the walls, multiple carved relief areas, and techniques of in-situ decorative plaster include a wall with a purple border surrounding a red wall. Despite some of the assumptions that Petra has traditions within the Old Testament, some of the work within the Great Temple dates only to 100 C. E. The Greek godd ess, Tyche-Fortuna is the patron goddess of the city and a series of reliefs of her can be found that are done in coloration of either yellow and white or red and white. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bible and Archeology: The Petra Great Temple or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The purpose of the elephant motif is not clear, but the beauty of the work is unquestionable. The purpose of the Great Temple has yet to be discovered. While assumptions can be made about which gods and goddesses were worshipped by the users of the building, the actual rites and traditions have no clear foundation. There is no lack of artifacts or preserved sections of the Temple.

Plato and Lockes Views on an Innate Idea Essay - 2118 Words

Plato and Lockes Views on an Innate Idea What is an innate idea? This can be defined as some idea or mental representation that is produced by outside perception or created anew by our imagination. It exists in the mind in virtue of the nature of the human mind. According to Plato most if not all of our knowledge is innate. However, John Locke feels that we do not have any innate ideas. Then the question arises of who is right or are they both wrong. In this paper I will attempt to examine the conflicting views of Plato and Locke. The problem that I will be dealing with involves the different views of Locke and Plato. The main focus of the paper will be to deal with†¦show more content†¦Like many others Meno believes he knows what the virtues are. However, Socrates is not pleased by Menos response to the question. Meno states that, it is easy to say that a mans virtue consists of being able to manage public affairs and in so doing to benefit his friends and harm his enemies and to be careful that no harm comes to himself. [Meno 71e] This is not pleasing to Socrates because Meno also finds that women have different virtues than a man. This topic alone would need an entire paper to finish therefore, I will move ahead with innate ideas of beings. Meno wants to know whether virtues can be learned or simply known. Can they be taught to people or do we just acquire the virtues? Socrates believes that ones soul or minds knows what one thinks he learns. As this question arises Socrates uses the slave boy example to explain. In this example Socrates has a slave boy look at a mathematical problem. After the boy looks at the problem he cannot work it. However, after being showed the problem and having it broken down the boy is able to give the right answer. Socrates begins by guiding the slave boy by drawing out the ideas that the slave boy already knows or are present in him. From this the slave boy uncovers that he has ideas that he did not know he had before the encounter with Socrates. Socrates shows that the boy has neverShow MoreRelatedPlato, Locke, And The Question Of Innate Ideas1829 Words   |  7 PagesPlato, Locke and the Question of Innate Ideas Plato and Locke have opposite opinions on the matter of innate ideas. Plato argues that the recognition of truth in reality is derived from the recollection of truth in the soul. A necessary part of Platos argument is that recollection of Truth depends upon the existence of an immortal soul. Locke, on the other hand, rejects Platos argument by stating that the recognition of truth is not dependent on recollection but is rather self-evidentRead MoreThe Philosophy of John Locke Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke, Johnathan’s knowledge did not come from innate ideas or principles, but rather from experiences and sensations. Although John Locke’s thoughts were monumental, flaws exist in the rejection of innate ideas. John Locke begins his argument with a weighty dismissal. Contending innate, or inborn, ideas do not exist. In essence, Locke claims that humans set out as empty cabinets. As time progresses human sensations fill the emptiness with ideas that are then named. Furthermore, Locke continuesRead MoreTwo Other Philosophers, John Locke, And George Berkeley1569 Words   |  7 Pagestheories to the discussion from the ideas presented by Plato. Unlike Plato who argues that we cannot determine what is true or real based on experience, Locke argues that all knowledge which we use to determine what is true or real comes from experience. And similar to Plato, Berkeley argues that only our ideas are the only thing that is real. Locke also argues in his essay that knowledge is not something people are born with. Locke differs from Plato, because Plato believes we do not know the trueRead MoreThe Greatest Philosophers Of History2051 Words   |  9 Pagesthat while it may be one of the most complica ted notions we will ever face, there are innate truths that cannot be contravened. Perhaps one of the most influential discussions of humanity to have ever taken place was that of Plato’s city, a hypothetical place of dwelling meant to be a philosophical speculation of the mannerisms of human beings as Plato and his fellows saw them to be. As a great philosopher, Plato knew that human beings are naturally social beings, and need companionship like theirRead MoreThe Principles Of Empiricism And The Spirit Behind It2295 Words   |  10 PagesEmpiricism with particular reference to Locke’s theory of ideas – the basic principles of empiricism and the spirit behind it; Locke’s theory of the origin and types of ideas and the problems it gave rise to. Locke, John, An Essay concerning human understanding, Everyman, 1961: Book 1, of Innate ideas, Book 2, chapter 1, of ideas in general and their original, Berkeley, George, A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge. Empiricists endorse the idea that we have no source of knowledge inRead MoreThe Views of Locke Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesThe Views of Locke The life-blood of philosophy is argument and counter-argument. Plato and Aristotle thought of this as what they called dialectic discussion. D. W. Hamlyn JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704) Locke was the first of the British empiricists who held that our concepts and our knowledge are based on experience. He forms his system of knowledge with empiricist idioms, namely: all knowledge comes to us through experience. No mans knowledge here can go beyond his experience. There isRead MoreModern Psychology : The Scientific Study Of Mind And Behaviour1637 Words   |  7 Pagesphysical mind, leading philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle to ask questions, which are still relevant to the understanding of the mind today. Plato a philosopher that dismissed the scientific approach had many psychological insights for example; mental health, suggesting that it depends on the body and the mind. Regardless of his views on mental health, Plato insisted that there was a significant distinction between mind and body. In contrast to Plato s beliefs, Aristotle had an early scientificRead MoreUse Of Metaphysical Constructs : Explanations Of Human Thought And Behavior From The Ancient World1506 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophers had key ideas of metaphysical constructs. A key idea was proposed by Parmenides, who was a rationalist, believed that knowledge comes only through reason. Ones thoughts must then be make sense before they are to act upon them. In early Greek medicine, Galen, hypothesized personality in which he explained that Hippocrates four humors must be associated by four temperaments. During the Ancient Greece times the idea of the Relativity of Truth began to rise. This idea such that truth depen dsRead MoreChomsky s Theory Of Human Language1362 Words   |  6 PagesIn the 1960s, Empiricism and Behaviorism reigned, yet these views are now commonly mostly considered absurd due to Chomsky. Noam Chomsky, a prominent cognitive linguist and a great contributor to analytical philosophy, is in awe of the concept of human language. The properties of language enable humans to combine individual concepts together in indefinitely many ways, making the range of human thought virtually unlimited. Chomsky is fascinated that language enables humans to say virtually anythingRead MoreMachiavelli, Hobbes, And Locke1791 Words   |  8 Pagesthinkers believed politics should be. There are many topics both modern and ancient thinkers discuss in their writings, such as the purpose of politics, the science of politics, human nature, as well as the ideal regime. By doing so, these thinkers’ views on political topics such as these illuminate how they thought politics should work and who s hould be able to participate in the activity of politics. Purpose of Politics To begin with, an important theme to discuss is what the modern thinkers

Short-Term Memory The Second Stage in Memory Processing Free Essays

Introduction to Psychology Psychology 101, Section 8 October 26, 2010 Short-Term Memory The short-term memory is the lead to our long lasting remembers. Short-term memory is the second stage in the memory processing (Huffman). The short-term memory is the part of the memory that temporarily stores and processes information from the sensory memory and holds it until it decides if the information will be sent to the third stage or long-term memory (Huffman). We will write a custom essay sample on Short-Term Memory: The Second Stage in Memory Processing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The short-term memory stores a mixture of perceptual analyses information (Huffman). The short-term memory works in different ways to increase its small capacity; it uses rehearsal and chunking to be able to remember more things at once (Huffman). Rehearsal is when a person repeats information over and over again to maintain it fresh in the memory and chunking is grouping separate pieces of information into a single group (Huffman). The short-term memory is also known as the â€Å"working memory† because it’s always receiving information from the sensory memory and sending to the long-term memory (Huffman). I will be discussing the difference between short-term memory and long-term memory, the theory of decay, and the working memory. Difference The main difference between short-term memory and long-term memory is the capacity that each one has. According to Michael E. Martinez the two memories work together a cognitive architecture or the mind’s basic structure. In the short-term memory a person can only think of a few ideas at a time (Martinez). One of the characteristics of the short-term memory is that is small compare to the long-term memory which has a larger capacity (Martinez). Information flows between the short-term memory to the long-term memory, depending on the direction and different kinds of thinking results (Martinez). Short-term memory is the route entry to long-term memory or the holding template until the long-term memory processes are complete (Lewis). One example the Martinez gives is when information flows from short-term memory into long-term memory it produces learning. When information leaves flows from long-term memory back to short-term memory is called recognition or recall, which happens whenever we think about a previously known fact, person, or event (Martinez). Each memory has it’s owe limitations; the short-term memory has a small capacity making it hard to think about many things at once, while the long-term memory does not record experience completely and accurately (Martinez). Unlike the long-term memory the short-term memory has chunking, which allows the short-term memory to hold more and more information. The capacity does not change but chunk grows in complexity which allows the short-term memory to handle more data (Martinez). Decay Decay is a theory that has a long history in accounting for forgetting (Berman, Jonides, and Lewis). This is said to happen because as time passes, information in the memory erodes and is less available for retrieval (Berman, Jonides, and Lewis). Berman, Jonides, and Lewis present different experiment to examine if decay is a cause of forgetting. One study that they present is the classic study of Peterson and Peterson (1959): â€Å"Consider the classic study of Peterson and Peterson (1959), originally thought to provide strong evidence for decay. In this experiment, participants were given a letter trigram to store, followed by a retention interval that varied from 3 to 18 s. During the retention interval, participants were required to count backward by threes to prevent rehearsal of the memorandum. Following the retention interval, participants recalled the item in memory. Peterson and Peterson found that performance declined as retention intervals increased, and the authors attributed this decline to increasing decay of the memory trace with increasing time. The attribution of this effects to decay mechanism is, however, suspect. † The arguments that counting backward could not be a source of interference because their secondary task differed from the item to be stored in memory (Berman, Jonides, and Lewis). But the case is that counting task requires short-term memory retention, which is the main memory task (Berman, Jonides, and Lewis). Another problem in assessing the role of decay on short-term memory is the habitual tendency of rehearse materials that are to retain (Berman, Jonides, and Lewis). An example that Berman, Jonides, Lewis give is when we look up a phone number in the directory and then walk to the phone, we rehearse the number in our head until it is dialed. They are trying to come up with different techniques to prevent rehearsal, to get an accurate gauge of whether decay has an effect on memory (Berman, Jonides, and Lewis). Working Memory Theory based research has revealed that working memory is a system that allows a person to maintain task goals, update memory to meet current demands, and to separate memory to form relationships (Shelton, Matthews, Hill, and Gouvier). The working memory is also referred to a general purpose system that is responsible for the active task or goal relevant information while simultaneously processing other information (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). The general purpose system includes: problem solving, reading, coordination and planning, and the basic intellectual functions, which leads to research on the capacity of the working memory (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). â€Å"Beginning with Daneman and Carpenter (1980), most researchers have utilized complex working memory span tasks in which to-be-remembered items are interspersed with some processing activity. For nstance, in the reading span task participants attempt to remember words or letters while reading and comprehending sentences. These tasks can be contrasted with simple memory span tasks in which TBR items are presented without any additional processing activities. The complex span tasks nicely capture the idea that the of processing and storage are needed to fully understand the essence of working memory and tap its capacity. Furthermore, these tasks can be used to estimate an individual’s working memory capacity and examine the correlation between this capacity and other important cognitive abilities (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). The possible that the complex span tasks do not file overall resources abilities but rather that the processing task displaces items from the working memory (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). Also according to the task-switching view, a person may place an item in the working memory, and a rapid switching mechanism is needed to refresh the item before it is lost due to decay (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). The faster the information can be complete and switch back to decaying representations, the better the overall performance will be (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). There is also a difference in the amount of capacity from individual to individual (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). There are two components that individuals may differ on: first component is the need to actively maintain information over the short term and the second is the need to retrieve information that could not be actively maintain due to a large number of incoming items (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). The short-term memory has it’s mysteries due to the amount of information that one can keep and pass on. One thing is for sure is that without it we will not know what information are relevant for one to keep or decay. Now one can understand the relationship and difference between short-term and long-term memory, the theory of decay, and why the short-term memory is the working memory. References Berman, M. , Jonides, J. , Lewis, R. (2009). In search of decay in verbal short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,35(2), 317-333. doi:10. 1037/a0014873. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Huffman, K. (2010). Memory,(9th ed. Psychology in action. (242-275) Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Lewis, D. (1979). Psychobiology of active and inactive memory. Psychological Bulletin,  86(5), 1054-1083. doi:10. 1037/0033-2909. 86. 5. 1054. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Martinez, M. (2010). Human Memory The Basics. Phi Delta Kappan,  91(8), 62-65. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Shelton, J. , Elliott, E. , Matthews, R. , Hill, B. , Gouvier, W. (2010). The relationships of working memory, secondary memory, and general fluid intelligence:  Working memory is special. Journal of Experimental Psychology:  Learning, Memory, and Cognition,  36(3), 813-820. doi:10. 1037/a0019046. Ret rieved from Academic Search Premier database. Unsworth, N. , Spillers, G. , Brewer, G. (2010). The contributions of primary and secondary memory to working memory capacity: An individual differences analysis of immediate free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,  36(1), 240-247. doi:10. 1037/a0017739. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. How to cite Short-Term Memory: The Second Stage in Memory Processing, Papers

The Imperial Aspect Of Heart Of Darkness free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Joseph Conrad s Heart of Darkness is the narrative of Charlie Marlow, a crewman whose journey is through the African Congo in hunt of tusk ; nevertheless, the narrative is told on a boat at the oral cavity of the Thames River. The supporter in Heart of Darkness non merely tells the narrative of his journey through the African Congo, but besides personifies the European imperial attitude at the clip of the novelette s release in 1902. Conrad uses Marlow, Kurtz and the hearers aboard the Nellie as advocators of a free and independent universe while he uses the nefarious director and the immaculately- dressed, workaholic comptroller to stand for the bulk of Europeans who, at the clip, favored abroad expansionism. Imperialism is the cardinal focal point of the novelette revealed through the supporter s and antagonists positions. While go throughing through the Thames with a group of other crewmans, Marlow reminisces about how the land was one time a topographic point of darkness and barbarian dwellers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Imperial Aspect Of Heart Of Darkness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Get downing his narrative at twilight and completing it in full darkness, Marlow speaks of how his beloved aunt commissioned him a occupation aboard the fleet and of how he was sent down as an envoy of visible radiation to convey consolation and transmutation to an otherwise backward state. His duty to the people of the Congo is apparent when he sees the status that the indigens are in. In the beginning of the novelette Marlow is repulsed by the province of the hapless and starved people but after seeing a group of deceasing African work forces, Marlow becomes compassionate and hunts for nutrient to give to the work forces who are victims of exploitatory labour. This is the point when Marlow s character becomes similar to Kurtz s in that he realizes the injury the bargainers have done to the indigens and begins experiencing guilty. Marlow thinks that suppressing the jungle for all its tusk is an backbreaking undertaking after seeing a battlewagon fire its guns at the civilians. It was as if the bantam battlewagon was firing at the huge continent of Africa instead than the people. Conrad uses this metaphor to tie in European thought with imperialism. Unfortunately, Europeans, with the exclusion of Marlow, Kurtz and possibly a few others, were chiefly concerned with acquiring land- endurance of the civilians was expendable on the continent. In Part II, a group of adventurers called the Eldorado Exploring Exposition led by the director s uncle come to the Congo. Marlow expresses his ideas on the mission s evil purpose by stating that these seamy pirates were merely after the wealths of the continent and non concerned with the indigens: it was foolhardy without boldness, greedy without audaciousness, and cruel without bravery ; there was non an atom of foresight or of serious purpose in the whole batch of them, and they did non look cognizant these things are wanted for the work of the universe. To rupture hoarded wealth out of the bowels of the land was their desire, with no more moral intent at the dorsum of it than there is in burglars interrupting into a safe. Who paid the disbursals of the baronial endeavor I don t know ; but the uncle of our director was the leader of that batch. ( 1449 ) As Marlow s journey Begins from the Center Station and continues up the river towards toward Kurtz s Inner Station, his captivation for Kurtz and his sympathetic attitude towards the people of the Congo addition while the adversaries maintain their stance of ravishing the land for more tusk. In Part III when Marlow must deliver Kurtz he feels that it is a personal end to make it entirely because, at that point, the bond between them was so strong that he couldn t bear the load of personal failure. Unlike Kurtz nevertheless, Marlow has the emotional and physical strength to defy the call of the jungle and Kurtz shortly dies. As mentioned in his analysis of the novelette, Edward W. Said says Heart Of Darkness plants so efficaciously because its political relations and aesthetics are, so to talk, imperialistic, which in the shutting old ages of the 19th century seemed to be at the same clip an aesthetic, politic, and even epistemology inevitable and ineluctable. ( 1503 ) By this statement Said is corroborating that the characters and puting typify imperialism and that holding been through the quest for expansionism himself, Conrad is merely enfolding the audience in the pragmatism of European idea during this clip period as opposed to Achebe s statement which says that Conrad is a blazing racialist. When Conrad wrote Heart of Darkness King Leopold II had control over what was so the Congo Free State. Conrad is said to hold exaggerated the conditions in the Congo Free State for the interest of affect, but in world it was bad plenty that it was brought to the attending of the general populace. Conrad uses this affect to demo the strength of the European imperialistic attitude and to demo the atrocious anguish the people of the Congo suffered because of the white adult male s desire for more new and alien land.