The Bible and Archeology The Petra Great Temple Free Essay Example, 1750 words

The Great Temple owes some of its design from the Hellenistic influences, but Joukawsky believes there is a distinction of style from the Nabataeans. A horned alter and several betyls (stones that are said to house the essence of a deity) can be found within the structure, indicating the nature of the use of the building. Underneath the Great Temple is a series of canals, most likely used to bring water into the city. These have been discovered through the use of ground penetrating radar techniques and further excavation. This leads to the conclusion that the center alter was removed by Bedouins who used this for their own cultivation in later centuries. Discoveries of fresco on the walls, multiple carved relief areas, and techniques of in-situ decorative plaster include a wall with a purple border surrounding a red wall. Despite some of the assumptions that Petra has traditions within the Old Testament, some of the work within the Great Temple dates only to 100 C. E. The Greek godd ess, Tyche-Fortuna is the patron goddess of the city and a series of reliefs of her can be found that are done in coloration of either yellow and white or red and white. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bible and Archeology: The Petra Great Temple or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The purpose of the elephant motif is not clear, but the beauty of the work is unquestionable. The purpose of the Great Temple has yet to be discovered. While assumptions can be made about which gods and goddesses were worshipped by the users of the building, the actual rites and traditions have no clear foundation. There is no lack of artifacts or preserved sections of the Temple.

Plato and Lockes Views on an Innate Idea Essay - 2118 Words

Plato and Lockes Views on an Innate Idea What is an innate idea? This can be defined as some idea or mental representation that is produced by outside perception or created anew by our imagination. It exists in the mind in virtue of the nature of the human mind. According to Plato most if not all of our knowledge is innate. However, John Locke feels that we do not have any innate ideas. Then the question arises of who is right or are they both wrong. In this paper I will attempt to examine the conflicting views of Plato and Locke. The problem that I will be dealing with involves the different views of Locke and Plato. The main focus of the paper will be to deal with†¦show more content†¦Like many others Meno believes he knows what the virtues are. However, Socrates is not pleased by Menos response to the question. Meno states that, it is easy to say that a mans virtue consists of being able to manage public affairs and in so doing to benefit his friends and harm his enemies and to be careful that no harm comes to himself. [Meno 71e] This is not pleasing to Socrates because Meno also finds that women have different virtues than a man. This topic alone would need an entire paper to finish therefore, I will move ahead with innate ideas of beings. Meno wants to know whether virtues can be learned or simply known. Can they be taught to people or do we just acquire the virtues? Socrates believes that ones soul or minds knows what one thinks he learns. As this question arises Socrates uses the slave boy example to explain. In this example Socrates has a slave boy look at a mathematical problem. After the boy looks at the problem he cannot work it. However, after being showed the problem and having it broken down the boy is able to give the right answer. Socrates begins by guiding the slave boy by drawing out the ideas that the slave boy already knows or are present in him. From this the slave boy uncovers that he has ideas that he did not know he had before the encounter with Socrates. Socrates shows that the boy has neverShow MoreRelatedPlato, Locke, And The Question Of Innate Ideas1829 Words   |  7 PagesPlato, Locke and the Question of Innate Ideas Plato and Locke have opposite opinions on the matter of innate ideas. Plato argues that the recognition of truth in reality is derived from the recollection of truth in the soul. A necessary part of Platos argument is that recollection of Truth depends upon the existence of an immortal soul. Locke, on the other hand, rejects Platos argument by stating that the recognition of truth is not dependent on recollection but is rather self-evidentRead MoreThe Philosophy of John Locke Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke, Johnathan’s knowledge did not come from innate ideas or principles, but rather from experiences and sensations. Although John Locke’s thoughts were monumental, flaws exist in the rejection of innate ideas. John Locke begins his argument with a weighty dismissal. Contending innate, or inborn, ideas do not exist. In essence, Locke claims that humans set out as empty cabinets. As time progresses human sensations fill the emptiness with ideas that are then named. Furthermore, Locke continuesRead MoreTwo Other Philosophers, John Locke, And George Berkeley1569 Words   |  7 Pagestheories to the discussion from the ideas presented by Plato. Unlike Plato who argues that we cannot determine what is true or real based on experience, Locke argues that all knowledge which we use to determine what is true or real comes from experience. And similar to Plato, Berkeley argues that only our ideas are the only thing that is real. Locke also argues in his essay that knowledge is not something people are born with. Locke differs from Plato, because Plato believes we do not know the trueRead MoreThe Greatest Philosophers Of History2051 Words   |  9 Pagesthat while it may be one of the most complica ted notions we will ever face, there are innate truths that cannot be contravened. Perhaps one of the most influential discussions of humanity to have ever taken place was that of Plato’s city, a hypothetical place of dwelling meant to be a philosophical speculation of the mannerisms of human beings as Plato and his fellows saw them to be. As a great philosopher, Plato knew that human beings are naturally social beings, and need companionship like theirRead MoreThe Principles Of Empiricism And The Spirit Behind It2295 Words   |  10 PagesEmpiricism with particular reference to Locke’s theory of ideas – the basic principles of empiricism and the spirit behind it; Locke’s theory of the origin and types of ideas and the problems it gave rise to. Locke, John, An Essay concerning human understanding, Everyman, 1961: Book 1, of Innate ideas, Book 2, chapter 1, of ideas in general and their original, Berkeley, George, A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge. Empiricists endorse the idea that we have no source of knowledge inRead MoreThe Views of Locke Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesThe Views of Locke The life-blood of philosophy is argument and counter-argument. Plato and Aristotle thought of this as what they called dialectic discussion. D. W. Hamlyn JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704) Locke was the first of the British empiricists who held that our concepts and our knowledge are based on experience. He forms his system of knowledge with empiricist idioms, namely: all knowledge comes to us through experience. No mans knowledge here can go beyond his experience. There isRead MoreModern Psychology : The Scientific Study Of Mind And Behaviour1637 Words   |  7 Pagesphysical mind, leading philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle to ask questions, which are still relevant to the understanding of the mind today. Plato a philosopher that dismissed the scientific approach had many psychological insights for example; mental health, suggesting that it depends on the body and the mind. Regardless of his views on mental health, Plato insisted that there was a significant distinction between mind and body. In contrast to Plato s beliefs, Aristotle had an early scientificRead MoreUse Of Metaphysical Constructs : Explanations Of Human Thought And Behavior From The Ancient World1506 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophers had key ideas of metaphysical constructs. A key idea was proposed by Parmenides, who was a rationalist, believed that knowledge comes only through reason. Ones thoughts must then be make sense before they are to act upon them. In early Greek medicine, Galen, hypothesized personality in which he explained that Hippocrates four humors must be associated by four temperaments. During the Ancient Greece times the idea of the Relativity of Truth began to rise. This idea such that truth depen dsRead MoreChomsky s Theory Of Human Language1362 Words   |  6 PagesIn the 1960s, Empiricism and Behaviorism reigned, yet these views are now commonly mostly considered absurd due to Chomsky. Noam Chomsky, a prominent cognitive linguist and a great contributor to analytical philosophy, is in awe of the concept of human language. The properties of language enable humans to combine individual concepts together in indefinitely many ways, making the range of human thought virtually unlimited. Chomsky is fascinated that language enables humans to say virtually anythingRead MoreMachiavelli, Hobbes, And Locke1791 Words   |  8 Pagesthinkers believed politics should be. There are many topics both modern and ancient thinkers discuss in their writings, such as the purpose of politics, the science of politics, human nature, as well as the ideal regime. By doing so, these thinkers’ views on political topics such as these illuminate how they thought politics should work and who s hould be able to participate in the activity of politics. Purpose of Politics To begin with, an important theme to discuss is what the modern thinkers

Short-Term Memory The Second Stage in Memory Processing Free Essays

Introduction to Psychology Psychology 101, Section 8 October 26, 2010 Short-Term Memory The short-term memory is the lead to our long lasting remembers. Short-term memory is the second stage in the memory processing (Huffman). The short-term memory is the part of the memory that temporarily stores and processes information from the sensory memory and holds it until it decides if the information will be sent to the third stage or long-term memory (Huffman). We will write a custom essay sample on Short-Term Memory: The Second Stage in Memory Processing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The short-term memory stores a mixture of perceptual analyses information (Huffman). The short-term memory works in different ways to increase its small capacity; it uses rehearsal and chunking to be able to remember more things at once (Huffman). Rehearsal is when a person repeats information over and over again to maintain it fresh in the memory and chunking is grouping separate pieces of information into a single group (Huffman). The short-term memory is also known as the â€Å"working memory† because it’s always receiving information from the sensory memory and sending to the long-term memory (Huffman). I will be discussing the difference between short-term memory and long-term memory, the theory of decay, and the working memory. Difference The main difference between short-term memory and long-term memory is the capacity that each one has. According to Michael E. Martinez the two memories work together a cognitive architecture or the mind’s basic structure. In the short-term memory a person can only think of a few ideas at a time (Martinez). One of the characteristics of the short-term memory is that is small compare to the long-term memory which has a larger capacity (Martinez). Information flows between the short-term memory to the long-term memory, depending on the direction and different kinds of thinking results (Martinez). Short-term memory is the route entry to long-term memory or the holding template until the long-term memory processes are complete (Lewis). One example the Martinez gives is when information flows from short-term memory into long-term memory it produces learning. When information leaves flows from long-term memory back to short-term memory is called recognition or recall, which happens whenever we think about a previously known fact, person, or event (Martinez). Each memory has it’s owe limitations; the short-term memory has a small capacity making it hard to think about many things at once, while the long-term memory does not record experience completely and accurately (Martinez). Unlike the long-term memory the short-term memory has chunking, which allows the short-term memory to hold more and more information. The capacity does not change but chunk grows in complexity which allows the short-term memory to handle more data (Martinez). Decay Decay is a theory that has a long history in accounting for forgetting (Berman, Jonides, and Lewis). This is said to happen because as time passes, information in the memory erodes and is less available for retrieval (Berman, Jonides, and Lewis). Berman, Jonides, and Lewis present different experiment to examine if decay is a cause of forgetting. One study that they present is the classic study of Peterson and Peterson (1959): â€Å"Consider the classic study of Peterson and Peterson (1959), originally thought to provide strong evidence for decay. In this experiment, participants were given a letter trigram to store, followed by a retention interval that varied from 3 to 18 s. During the retention interval, participants were required to count backward by threes to prevent rehearsal of the memorandum. Following the retention interval, participants recalled the item in memory. Peterson and Peterson found that performance declined as retention intervals increased, and the authors attributed this decline to increasing decay of the memory trace with increasing time. The attribution of this effects to decay mechanism is, however, suspect. † The arguments that counting backward could not be a source of interference because their secondary task differed from the item to be stored in memory (Berman, Jonides, and Lewis). But the case is that counting task requires short-term memory retention, which is the main memory task (Berman, Jonides, and Lewis). Another problem in assessing the role of decay on short-term memory is the habitual tendency of rehearse materials that are to retain (Berman, Jonides, and Lewis). An example that Berman, Jonides, Lewis give is when we look up a phone number in the directory and then walk to the phone, we rehearse the number in our head until it is dialed. They are trying to come up with different techniques to prevent rehearsal, to get an accurate gauge of whether decay has an effect on memory (Berman, Jonides, and Lewis). Working Memory Theory based research has revealed that working memory is a system that allows a person to maintain task goals, update memory to meet current demands, and to separate memory to form relationships (Shelton, Matthews, Hill, and Gouvier). The working memory is also referred to a general purpose system that is responsible for the active task or goal relevant information while simultaneously processing other information (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). The general purpose system includes: problem solving, reading, coordination and planning, and the basic intellectual functions, which leads to research on the capacity of the working memory (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). â€Å"Beginning with Daneman and Carpenter (1980), most researchers have utilized complex working memory span tasks in which to-be-remembered items are interspersed with some processing activity. For nstance, in the reading span task participants attempt to remember words or letters while reading and comprehending sentences. These tasks can be contrasted with simple memory span tasks in which TBR items are presented without any additional processing activities. The complex span tasks nicely capture the idea that the of processing and storage are needed to fully understand the essence of working memory and tap its capacity. Furthermore, these tasks can be used to estimate an individual’s working memory capacity and examine the correlation between this capacity and other important cognitive abilities (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). The possible that the complex span tasks do not file overall resources abilities but rather that the processing task displaces items from the working memory (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). Also according to the task-switching view, a person may place an item in the working memory, and a rapid switching mechanism is needed to refresh the item before it is lost due to decay (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). The faster the information can be complete and switch back to decaying representations, the better the overall performance will be (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). There is also a difference in the amount of capacity from individual to individual (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). There are two components that individuals may differ on: first component is the need to actively maintain information over the short term and the second is the need to retrieve information that could not be actively maintain due to a large number of incoming items (Unsworth, Spillers, and Brewer). The short-term memory has it’s mysteries due to the amount of information that one can keep and pass on. One thing is for sure is that without it we will not know what information are relevant for one to keep or decay. Now one can understand the relationship and difference between short-term and long-term memory, the theory of decay, and why the short-term memory is the working memory. References Berman, M. , Jonides, J. , Lewis, R. (2009). In search of decay in verbal short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,35(2), 317-333. doi:10. 1037/a0014873. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Huffman, K. (2010). Memory,(9th ed. Psychology in action. (242-275) Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Lewis, D. (1979). Psychobiology of active and inactive memory. Psychological Bulletin,  86(5), 1054-1083. doi:10. 1037/0033-2909. 86. 5. 1054. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Martinez, M. (2010). Human Memory The Basics. Phi Delta Kappan,  91(8), 62-65. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Shelton, J. , Elliott, E. , Matthews, R. , Hill, B. , Gouvier, W. (2010). The relationships of working memory, secondary memory, and general fluid intelligence:  Working memory is special. Journal of Experimental Psychology:  Learning, Memory, and Cognition,  36(3), 813-820. doi:10. 1037/a0019046. Ret rieved from Academic Search Premier database. Unsworth, N. , Spillers, G. , Brewer, G. (2010). The contributions of primary and secondary memory to working memory capacity: An individual differences analysis of immediate free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,  36(1), 240-247. doi:10. 1037/a0017739. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. How to cite Short-Term Memory: The Second Stage in Memory Processing, Papers

The Imperial Aspect Of Heart Of Darkness free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Joseph Conrad s Heart of Darkness is the narrative of Charlie Marlow, a crewman whose journey is through the African Congo in hunt of tusk ; nevertheless, the narrative is told on a boat at the oral cavity of the Thames River. The supporter in Heart of Darkness non merely tells the narrative of his journey through the African Congo, but besides personifies the European imperial attitude at the clip of the novelette s release in 1902. Conrad uses Marlow, Kurtz and the hearers aboard the Nellie as advocators of a free and independent universe while he uses the nefarious director and the immaculately- dressed, workaholic comptroller to stand for the bulk of Europeans who, at the clip, favored abroad expansionism. Imperialism is the cardinal focal point of the novelette revealed through the supporter s and antagonists positions. While go throughing through the Thames with a group of other crewmans, Marlow reminisces about how the land was one time a topographic point of darkness and barbarian dwellers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Imperial Aspect Of Heart Of Darkness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Get downing his narrative at twilight and completing it in full darkness, Marlow speaks of how his beloved aunt commissioned him a occupation aboard the fleet and of how he was sent down as an envoy of visible radiation to convey consolation and transmutation to an otherwise backward state. His duty to the people of the Congo is apparent when he sees the status that the indigens are in. In the beginning of the novelette Marlow is repulsed by the province of the hapless and starved people but after seeing a group of deceasing African work forces, Marlow becomes compassionate and hunts for nutrient to give to the work forces who are victims of exploitatory labour. This is the point when Marlow s character becomes similar to Kurtz s in that he realizes the injury the bargainers have done to the indigens and begins experiencing guilty. Marlow thinks that suppressing the jungle for all its tusk is an backbreaking undertaking after seeing a battlewagon fire its guns at the civilians. It was as if the bantam battlewagon was firing at the huge continent of Africa instead than the people. Conrad uses this metaphor to tie in European thought with imperialism. Unfortunately, Europeans, with the exclusion of Marlow, Kurtz and possibly a few others, were chiefly concerned with acquiring land- endurance of the civilians was expendable on the continent. In Part II, a group of adventurers called the Eldorado Exploring Exposition led by the director s uncle come to the Congo. Marlow expresses his ideas on the mission s evil purpose by stating that these seamy pirates were merely after the wealths of the continent and non concerned with the indigens: it was foolhardy without boldness, greedy without audaciousness, and cruel without bravery ; there was non an atom of foresight or of serious purpose in the whole batch of them, and they did non look cognizant these things are wanted for the work of the universe. To rupture hoarded wealth out of the bowels of the land was their desire, with no more moral intent at the dorsum of it than there is in burglars interrupting into a safe. Who paid the disbursals of the baronial endeavor I don t know ; but the uncle of our director was the leader of that batch. ( 1449 ) As Marlow s journey Begins from the Center Station and continues up the river towards toward Kurtz s Inner Station, his captivation for Kurtz and his sympathetic attitude towards the people of the Congo addition while the adversaries maintain their stance of ravishing the land for more tusk. In Part III when Marlow must deliver Kurtz he feels that it is a personal end to make it entirely because, at that point, the bond between them was so strong that he couldn t bear the load of personal failure. Unlike Kurtz nevertheless, Marlow has the emotional and physical strength to defy the call of the jungle and Kurtz shortly dies. As mentioned in his analysis of the novelette, Edward W. Said says Heart Of Darkness plants so efficaciously because its political relations and aesthetics are, so to talk, imperialistic, which in the shutting old ages of the 19th century seemed to be at the same clip an aesthetic, politic, and even epistemology inevitable and ineluctable. ( 1503 ) By this statement Said is corroborating that the characters and puting typify imperialism and that holding been through the quest for expansionism himself, Conrad is merely enfolding the audience in the pragmatism of European idea during this clip period as opposed to Achebe s statement which says that Conrad is a blazing racialist. When Conrad wrote Heart of Darkness King Leopold II had control over what was so the Congo Free State. Conrad is said to hold exaggerated the conditions in the Congo Free State for the interest of affect, but in world it was bad plenty that it was brought to the attending of the general populace. Conrad uses this affect to demo the strength of the European imperialistic attitude and to demo the atrocious anguish the people of the Congo suffered because of the white adult male s desire for more new and alien land.

The Construction of the Hoover Dam an Example of the Topic History Essays by

The Construction of the Hoover Dam by Expert Nerdy Maureen | 20 Dec 2016 The Hoover dam is a concrete-made dam located in the Colorado River on the boundary between Nevada and Arizona. It was named after President Herbert Hoover that was very influential in the construction of the dam. The construction of this project started in 1931 and was finished in 1935. The objective of the construction of this dam was multi-purpose. First was to control the flooding in the nearby counties along the Colorado River. Next was to provide irrigation to agricultural lands of California and Arizona. And last was to provide hydro-electric power to nearby regions. It was measured to be 726 feet high and 1,244 feet long. The base of this dam is 660 feet thick that is 60 feet longer than 2 football fields placed end-to-end. Need essay sample on "The Construction of the Hoover Dam" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The Hoover dam is one of the modern day construction projects that show a very creative and ingenious side of a construction corporation. The company named Six Companies Inc. was the lucky construction company that was given the job to do this state-of-the-art dam project. The construction company was called the Six Companies Inc. because in reality, it was a consortium of six construction companies that merged and worked together for this project. The six companies included were J.F. Shea Co., Morrison-Knudsen Co., MacDonald & Kahn Ltd., Pacific Bridge Co., Utah Construction Co., and joint venture of Henry J. Kaiser, Warren Brothers & W.A. Bechtel Co. These construction companies merged together for this project because of the reason that no construction company could produce the required $5,000,000 performance bond. Another company was contracted to assist the refrigeration needs of the concrete during the pouring and curing stage of the construction. The Union Carbide Corporation was contracted for this job. The onset of the Great Depression in 1931 paved way to massive migration of unemployed workers from Las Vegas and earned them jobs in building this historical project. The workers and their families were temporarily housed in camps like Ragtown as the work in the town advanced. Then after the construction of Boulder City, the workers were moved from Ragtown to this place where they stayed until the completion of the dam. During the construction, two cofferdams were built to protect the construction area from flooding. The upper cofferdam was constructed in September 1932, although the persion of the Colorado River was not yet finished. A temporary dike secluded the cofferdam from the river. The construction of the project was boosted when the Arizona tunnels and the persion of the Colorado River were completed. After the construction of the cofferdams, the excavation for the foundation of the dam started. Loose materials were removed so that the dam would rest on solid rock. The excavation for the foundation of the dam was completed in June 1933. Approximately 1,500,000 square yards of loose materials was removed that includes materials from the canyon walls. The people who were assigned to remove the loose rocks from the canyon walls were called high-scalers. These high-scalers were suspended from the top of the canyon using ropes and they used jackhammers and dynamites for removing the loose rocks on the canyon walls. Four persion tunnels were constructed through the canyon walls to pert the river flow around the construction site. Two were built on the Arizona side and the other two were built on Nevada side. The diameter of these tunnels was approximately 56 feet. The total aggregated length of these tunnels was around 16,000 feet. The work on the tunnels began at the lower entrance of the Nevada tunnels in May 1931. Afterwards, the work on the tunnels at the Arizona soon started. Lining of the tunnels with concrete started in March 1932. The concrete base for the tunnels was first poured. In order to execute this efficiently, gantry cranes, moving along the rails positioned through out the entire length of each tunnel, were utilized to pour the concrete. The sidewalls were then constructed. Moveable segments of steel forms were employed. The overheads were constructed last. The thickness of the concrete was measured to be 3 feet, hence reducing the final tunnel diameter to only 50 feet. The ent rances to the two outer tunnels were sealed after the completion of the dam. On June 6, 19333, the first concrete block was positioned into the dam. Because of the fact that no construction as big as the Hoover dam was done before, a lot of the procedures and techniques employed in the construction of the dam were untested. The uneven cooling and contraction of the concrete posed a very big problem for the construction engineers. The engineers of the project calculated that if one continuous pours of concrete was done to build the dam; it would take around 125 years for the concrete to cool down. It would definitely result to stresses on the concrete and therefore create cracks on the concrete walls. The solution to this dilemma was to build a series of trapezoidal pillars interlocking with each other. Every concrete pour was no more than half-foot deep, which ensured that no construction would be accidentally buried alive in the concrete. To quicken the cooling of the concrete, cooling coils were contained in each concrete pillar. Water from the Colorado River was circulated along these cooling coils to help disperse the heat from the concrete. Overall, the Hoover dam required more than 3,250,000 cubic yards of concrete for its construction. The base of the Hoover dam alone needed 230 inpidual massive concrete blocks. Five foot high blocks of different width, varying from 25 square feet on the downstream side to 60 square feet on the upstream side constituted the dam. The columns or pillars of concrete were connected together with a system of alternating horizontal and vertical plots. The excavation for the power plants was performed simultaneously with the excavation of the foundation of the dam. The excavation for the U-shaped construction situated at the downstream side of the dam was completed in 1933. After the completion of the excavation, seventeen turbine-generators were installed at this powerhouse. These generators provided a maximum hydro-electric power of 2,074 Megawatts to the nearby region of the Colorado River. The first transmission of electricity happened on October 26, 1936 when the power plants provided electricity to Los Angeles, California that was 266 miles away from the Colorado River. The original plans for the front wall of the dam and the powerhouse comprised of simple concrete wall with gothic-inspired barrier and the plant that appear to be a warehouse. But many criticized the plan to be too simple for a ground-breaking project. Gordon Kaufmann was assigned to do the redesign of the exteriors. He restructured the buildings and employed a stylish Art deco design to the project, with structured turrets on the face of the dam. The construction was finally completed in 1935. The total cost of the entire project was $165 million and took four and half years to complete. A total of 4.4 million cubic yards of concrete was used for the whole project. U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt dedicated the project on September 30, 1935 that drew massive crowds. He called the project as an Engineering victory for the American ingenuity. But sadly, there were 112 deaths related with the construction of the Hoover dam. The first person killed in the construction was J. G. Tierney. He drowned while he was finding a perfect spot for the dam. His son P. W. Tierney also died in the construction of this dam. A total 96 deaths happened on the construction site. There was a controversy with the naming of this dam. The dam was originally planned to be constructed in the Boulder Canyon. This was the reason why the dam was sometimes called the Boulder dam. But it was moved to the Black Canyon for better impoundment. At the official start of the project construction, Interior Secretary Ray Wilbur declared that the new dam would be named Hoover dam in honor of the U.S. President Herbert Hoover, who was in seat when the construction of the project started. Secretary Wilbur adhered to the tradition of naming the important dams after the U.S. President who was in seat when the construction started. The name Hoover dam became official when the U.S. Congress passed an act on February 14, 1931. But during the 1932 U.S. Presidential elections, Hoover lost to Franklin Roosevelt for the Presidential seat. Roosevelt took his seat on March 4, 1933, and he placed Harold Ickes as Secretary of Interior. Ickes sought for the removal of Hoovers name from the Boulder dam project. He made a memorandum to the Bureau of Reclamation renaming the project, the Boulder dam. After few years, all references to the Hoover dam disappeared in favor of the Boulder dam. But after the death of President Roosevelt 1945 and the retirement of Harold Ickes in 1946, California Congressman Jack Anderson submitted a resolution on March 4, 1947 to return the name of the Boulder dam back to Hoover dam. This resolution passed the House on March 6, 1947 and the Senate on April 23, 1947. President Harry Truman signed the new law on April 30, 1947 stating the restoration of the name Hoover dam to the dam constructed on the Colorado River in Black Canyon. The Hoover dam is a National Historic Landmark in the United States. It attracts millions of tourists each year. And currently, the Hoover dam is one of the busiest U.S. National Park. It also serves as a passage for U.S. Route 93. Works Cited Construction History of Hoover dam. Arizona Leisure. 1 December 2007 http://www.arizona-leisure.com/hoover-dam-building.html>. Construction of Hoover dam: A Historic account prepared in cooperation with the Department of Interior. KC Publications, 1976. Historic Construction Company Project Hoover dam. 2006. Construction Company.com. 1 December 2007 . Stevens, Joseph E. Hoover dam: An American Adventure (Paperback). University of Oklahoma Press, 1990.

The Jeffersonian Republicans vs. the Federalists essays

The Jeffersonian Republicans vs. the Federalists essays The early 1800s helped clearly distinguish the views between the Jeffersonian Republicans and the Federalists. During the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison, many issues evolved showing the strong opinions of the two groups. The Jeffersonian Republicans supported a strong constitution, while the Federalists supported broad constructionism. Thomas Jefferson was the leader of the Jeffersonian Republicans. They disagreed with the Federalists on virtually every issue. When he was inaugurated as President in March of 1801, he planned on making many changes. The Alien and Sedition acts, which were set by the federalists to control public negativity towards the party, were not renewed and those who were previously imprisoned by them were pardoned. Many changes were also made to the navy. Prior to his presidency, Jefferson wrote about his confidence in the ideas of the preservation of the Constitution in a conservative manner. He also states that the Federalists have failed to follow the Constitution accurately and the way it should have been followed. (Document A) The Jeffersonian Republican views are also shown in a document from Jefferson to a minister named Samuel Miller. In this document Jefferson strongly opposes the idea of government in correlation to religion. He states that no power, according to the const itution, was delegated to the general government to assume any authority in religious discipline. (Document B) Jefferson defended the views of the Jeffersonian Republicans throughout his term in office. James Madison also defended the Jeffersonian Republicans while he was in office. In a message to Congress in March of 1817, he shows his strict interpretation of the Constitution. Here, Madison shares his decision with Congress on an International Improvements Bill. (Document H) The bill asked approval for federal funds that would go towards construction roads and canals and improving water n...

The Separation of Church and State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Separation of Church and State - Essay Example The Separation of Church and State The separation of church and state is distancing the relationship of the organized religion and the nation. The second reason is that the church might harm the state by starting a war because of wrongful religious convictions. The state also can harm the church when it dictates on religious ceremonies or by forcing religious leaders on civic matters that offend the church. There are 4 kinds of power: Physical, wealth, influence and authority. These powers can be misused in controlling others and can be dangerous when combined. Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely hence no one should have this kind power hence the need to separate the two entities. With the separation of church and state, religious leaders should not have no right to interfere in policy decisions made by the government. It is actually inappropriate for policies by the government to be based solely on religious beliefs and doctrines. This does not mean that officials in the government should abandon their faith to take part in the political process or that it is wrong to take up moral and religious values in politics. Moral dimensions also exist in both social and public policies including budgets which are inherent moral documents. Decisions such as tax increments and public spending affect the society and reflect a community’s priorities. Policy decision that affects peoples’ lives such as laws condemning murder and theft are rooted from religious teachings and are shared broadly across secular and religious lines. However, a public official has no right to base decisions or cite religious beliefs as a reason for failure to uphold the duties and responsibilities of their office. Religious leaders should only advice or be consulted but not having a seat at the decision table. They can comment, condemn or support the policies but only as the church’s opinion and not as the general public†™s. The Family brought a fresh perspective on influential evangelists such as Charles Finney, Jonathan Edwards and Billy Graham. The book also gives a new understanding of leaders including Senators Sam Brownback and Hillary Clinton and former senator Dan Coats, Jack Kemps and religious right leaders Chuck Colson, Ted Haggard and Bill Bright. In the book, we learn how the legislative precedent for George Bush’s faith initiative was brought up by ideas from The Family and was sponsored by Family members, Republican Senators Ashcroft and Coats with assistance from Hillary Clinton. According to Sharlet (29), the author of The Family, members of this organization rarely step out of the shadows but only on one public event, the Prayer Breakfast which is annually hosted in the Whitehouse. When the government is lobbying efforts of most religious institutions, their activities are usually done in the darkness even as people of numerous influences routinely pressure lawmakers on is sues ranging from international relations to healthcare or abortion rights to poverty. This was designed by the government when congress passed the Lobbying Disclosure Act in 1995 (Sharlet 15). The act provided a few exceptions including lobbying communications done by a church. The separation of state and the church is very important to the American government, but it is usually vague and murky. Americans want their legislators to pass good laws that result in a good society and good citizenship. Religious leaders do not have two perspectives of good, one secular and one religious. A legislator has to believe in the